Program Development

1. Languages.
   1. awk
   2. C/C++
      C/C++ Is the most popular language under Unix systems. The kernel is written in C, and all of the operating system hooks are defined in terms of C. The command to compile a C program is cc. C tools include:
      1. cb
         The c beautifier.

         $ cat lotto.c
         #include <time.h>
         main() { int n[51]; int i,j,k,t; long timval;
         (void) time(&timval); srand(timval); for(i=0;i<51;i++) n[i]=0;
         i=6; while(i) { k=rand()%50+1; if(n[k]) continue; n[k]++; i--; }
         for(i=0;i<51;i++) if (n[i]) printf("%02d\t",i); printf("\n"); }
         

         $ cb lotto.c
         #include <time.h>
         main() { 
                 int n[51]; 
                 int i,j,k,t; 
                 long timval;
                 (void) time(&timval); 
                 srand(timval); 
                 for(i=0;i<51;i++) n[i]=0;
                 i=6; 
                 while(i) { 
                         k=rand()%50+1; 
                         if(n[k]) continue; 
                         n[k]++; 
                         i--; 
                 }
                 for(i=0;i<51;i++) if (n[i]) printf("%02d\t",i); 
                 printf("\n"); 
         }
         

      2. cflow
         cflow generates a flow graph fo the fucntions..

         $ cflow animal.c
         1       main: int(), <animal.c 15>
         2               printf: <>
         3               yes: int(), <animal.c 55>
         4               gensis: int(), <animal.c 28>
         5                       make_node: struct*(), <animal.c 46>
         6                               malloc: <>
         7                               strcpy: <>
         8               endgame: int(), <animal.c 63>
         9                       printf: 2
         10                      yes: 3
         11                      gets: <>
         12                      make_node: 5
         13              guess: int(), <animal.c 33>
         14                      printf: 2
         15                      yes: 3
         16                      endgame: 8
         17                      guess: 13
         

      3. lint
         lint checks for bug or nonportable use of C.

         $ lint animal.c
         animal.c(25): warning: main() returns random value to invocation environment
         animal.c(58): warning: b set but not used in function yes
         malloc value used inconsistently        llib-lc(441)  ::  animal.c(48)
         malloc value declared inconsistently    llib-lc(441)  ::  animal.c(48)
         printf returns value which is always ignored
         strcpy returns value which is always ignored
         gets returns value which is always ignored
         

      4. prof
         

         $ cc -p lotto.c
         $ a.out
         01      14      18      27      30      33
         cochise : prof
          %time  cumsecs  #call  ms/call  name
          100.0     0.01      7     1.43  _printf
            0.0     0.01      7     0.00  __doprnt
            0.0     0.01      1     0.00  __findbuf
            0.0     0.01     18     0.00  _strlen
            0.0     0.01      1     0.00  _time
            0.0     0.01      1     0.00  _write
         

   3. Fortran
      f77 Fortran 77 compiler
   4. pascal
   5. sh, ksh, csh, bash tcsh
   6. lex and yacc
      lex & yacc used for developing compilers.
   7. java
   8. perl
   
   
   
2. make
   Make is used to maintain large programs that consists of many source files or several complex steps to create the executable. The general format of a makefile is:

    target: dependencies
           rules
   

   $ cat makefile
   cwall.o : cwall.c
           cc -c -I/local/include cwall.c
   
   cwall: cwall.o
           cc -o cwall cwall.o  $(LOAD_DIR) $(XLIB)
   
   clean:
           rm *.o
   $  make cwall
   `cwall' is up to date.
   $ make clean
   rm *.o
   $ make cwall 
   cc -c -I/local/include cwall.c
   cc -o cwall cwall.o  -L/local/lib -lX11
   

   $cat makefile
   newp: newp.o
           sqla.ld newp newp.o  date/conv.a -L/local/lib -lXm -lXt -lX11
   
   newp.o: newp.c
           ucc -D_NO_PROTO -I/appl/ASQL/ -I/local/include -c newp.c
   
   newp.c: newp.ec
           EPP newp.ec  
   
   clean:
           rm *.[cou]
   
   $ make clean
   rm *.[cou]
   $ make newp
   EPP newp.ec  
   newp.ec:
   ucc -D_NO_PROTO -I/appl/ASQL/ -I/local/include -c newp.c
   cc: Warning: "-E" redefines produce from "object" to "source"
   sqla.ld newp newp.o  date/conv.a -L/local/lib -lXm -lXt -lX11
   unknown option 'q'
   usage: config [-p] [-n] [-f] [-o OBJ] sysname
   loading SQL/A APPLICATION local_only as newp
   Fri Dec  4 08:18:11 CST 1992
   Finished loading SQL/A APPLICATION newp
   Fri Dec  4 08:18:36 CST 1992
   

   $ cat makefile
    .SUFFIXES :
    .SUFFIXES : .s .t .p 
    .s.t :
            tbl $< | eqn | troff -ms   >$*.t
    .s.p :
            tbl $< | eqn | psroff -ms -Pchpclw
    clean:
           rm -f *.t
   $ make clean
   rm -f *.t
   $ make a190.t
   tbl a190.s| eqn | troff -ms   >a190.t