VISUAL MERCHANDISING – FSHN 1342 

(PRN DISTANCE LEARNING SECTIONS)

 

PRN SECTIONS FOR SPRING  2004—sections 11234 and 09567

 

16 WEEK SESSION (Jan 10 orientation – May 9, 2004)

12 WEEK SESSION (Feb 7 orientation – May 9, 2004)

 

INSTRUCTOR:  JAN FELDBAUER, MBA,

Professor of Business Management and Fashion Merchandising

Office:  Northridge Campus, Room 4228

Email:   janf@austincc.edu

Phone:   512-223-4856

Dept Web Site:  www.austincc.edu/mkt or www.austincc.edu/mgmt

Instructor website:   www.austincc.edu/janf

Office Address & Mailing Address:

   Austin Community College – Northridge Campus

   11928 Stonehollow Drive

   Austin, TX 78758-3190

FAX:  512-223-4929 or 512-223-4988

(Please remember to put YOUR name and FSHN 1342 on any fax or email attachment that you send me.)

Office Hours:  See www.austincc.edu/janf

 

ORIENTATION:

 

Students must attend an orientation meeting the first week of class.  At this meeting, students will receive the class syllabus, meet the instructor, and receive additional information concerning the course and projects.  ATTENDANCE at an orientation meeting verifies enrollment in the course and is MANDATORY.  If you miss this meeting, call or email the instructor immediately.

 

The orientation for the 16 week session is Saturday, Jan 10 at the Rio Grande Campus

from 9 – 10 am in Room RGC 125

 

The orientation for the 12 week session is Saturday, Feb. 7 at the Rio Grande Campus

from 9 – 10 am in Room RGC 303.

 

It is the student’s responsibility to initiate and complete WITHDRAWAL from this course.  The withdrawal DEADLINE for Spring 2004 is as follows:

 

Both 16 and 12 week session --- the withdrawal deadline date is APRIL 19, 2004.

 

Students who DO NOT complete the work on schedule and WHO DO NOT withdraw themselves will receive an F.   If your name, address, and/or telephone number or email changes, notify the instructor immediately.  This will insure that you receive all the necessary information and keep your name on the class rolls.  THIS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!

 

MASTER COURSE SYLLABUS/DESCRIPTION AND COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES CAN BE FOUND AT:  www.austincc.edu/mkt

 

INTRODUCTION:  (COURSE RATIONALE)

Visual Merchandising by  Open Campus (PRN) is offered to those students who are looking for an innovative,  independent method to complete a course but at the same time cannot attend a class on a regular basis.  These students should be strongly motivated, mature, and self-disciplined individuals.  Each student is responsible to maintain satisfactory progress during the semester by reading the course materials, accomplishing the required project, and taking the required exams by the prescribed dates (see below).

 

The non-traditional instruction version (also called open campus or PRN) of Visual Merchandising is a viable alternative to the traditional classroom method.  Students are advised that the specific dates in this syllabus MUST BE MET.  It is possible to master this material at a faster pace and thereby complete the material prior to the end of the semester.  However, the material must be completed by the end of the semester.  In addition, the exams and project are not optional—they are required.

 

THIS COURSE IS NOT SELF-PACED.

 

You must take each exam on or before a specific date.  However, it is possible to master the material at a faster pace and complete the course before the end of the semester.

 

Successful completion of this course requires maturity and self-discipline.  You should not enroll in this or any other PRN course if:

 

1.        You rely on required class attendance to provide the necessary incentive to maintain progress.

 

2.        You need regular class discussion to explain and review course materials.

 

3.        You have significant deficiencies in basic reading or writing skills.

 

Printed material in the text must be read and studied, the terms and review questions at the end of each chapter should be studied, and exams taken on or before the dates listed in this syllabus.  Also, the project described in this syllabus must be completed by the specified deadline date.

 

COURSE DESCRIPTION:  Visual Merchandising (3-3-0).  Skill development in the creation of showroom or retail store window/interior displays that sell merchandise.  Study of the basic techniques of store planning, mannequin dressing, alternate form design, and display space conceptualization and implementation. 

 

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1.        Learn basic visual merchandising concepts and theory essential in the effective presentation of a store image, its merchandise, and displays.

2.        Explore the use of color, color psychology, and texture in visual presentations, various light sources, and the effective use of light in visual merchandising.

3.        Become familiar with store exterior and window display types and treatments, store signage and graphics, as well as display settings and construction.

4.        Identify materials used for masking and proscenia, and effective coordination of fashion accessories for display purposes.

5.        Learn great attention-getting tips, themes, ideas and techniques to enhance store interiors.

6.        Identify the types of mannequins or mannequin alternatives in displaying apparel items, as well as store fixtures and props used for merchandise presentation.

7.        Describe current trends in point of purchase displays, trade shows and exhibit designs, special events, holidays and sales promotions.

 

COURSE MATERIALS:

Required Textbook:  Pegler, Martin.  Visual Merchandising & Display, Fourth Edition, Fairchild Publications, l998.

ISBN # 1-56367-173-5

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

You are required to:

A.      Read the required textbook material.

B.       Prepare yourself for the course exams by reviewing objectives, terms, and review questions in each chapter.

C.       Take 3 exams during the semester on or before each deadline date on the established schedule.

D.      Prepare a mandatory written project (instructions below), and submit that individual report along with a copy of the location addresses you used to complete the project.  This report must be turned in by the deadline date.  Copying another students project will not be tolerated.  Any reports found copied from another student or another source will receive a grade of Zero points.  NO late papers will be accepted.

E.    One extra credit assignment may also be completed, but is not mandatory.  For information on the extra credit report, see below.

 

TESTING AND GRADING

See www.austincc.edu/testctr for locations, hours, and policies of the ACC testing center.

A.      There are three required exams for this course.  They may be taken at any of the following ACC testing centers:

Northridge       Rio Grande      Eastview     Pinnacle      Round Rock      Cypress Creek

Riverside         Fredericksburg High School       San Marcos High School

 

(Note:  Please use the new scantron form provided by the testing center.  They will also provide you with the EXAM and scratch paper as needed.  You WILL need to supply your own #2 pencil with a good eraser.

 

B.       The exams will be made up of true/false and multiple choice questions which will be completed on the scantron form.  You will have approximately 60-65 of these type of questions worth one or two points each.  You will also have 2 or 3 short answer questions (draw a diagram, name and explain a concept, short essay, etc.)  These will be completed on a separate answer sheet.  The points for each question will be indicated on the exam.  These are NOT open book exams.

 

C.       ALL EXAMS MUST BE COMPLETED PRIOR TO THE POSTED CLOSING TIMES OF THE TESTING CENTERS.  Attached to this syllabus you will find a copy of the Testing Center Hours of Operations and Telephone Numbers.  I recommend that you call to verify that the hours are in fact the same and have not changed.  You MUST present a student ID and picture ID (license,etc.) at the testing center in order to be able to take the exam.   You can refer to www.austincc.edu/testctr

 

D.      Dates for EXAMS are the  LAST DAY you may take the exam.  You may take the exam any day up to and through the date listed below.  Any exams taken late are subject to a 10 point penalty.

 

IMPORTANT – PLEASE NOTE YOUR SECTION (Either 16 week or 12 week class)

16 WEEK SESSION

 EXAM       TEXT CHAPTERS         VALUE OF EXAM     LAST DATE TO TAKE THE EXAM

 

1              Chapters 1 – 8                       25%                                        February 16, 2004

 

2              Chapters 9 – 17                      25%                                       March 29, 2004

 

3              Chapters 18 – 27                      25%                                     May 4, 2004 at all testing centers

 

 

For  12 WEEK SESSION

 

1              Chapters 1-8                             25%                                     March 8, 2004

 

2              Chapters 9 – 17                        25%                                     April 5, 2004

 

3              Chapters 18 –27                       25%                                     May 4 at all testing centers

 

 

The instructor will grade all parts of the exam.  You may receive your exam grades by contacting the instructor by email or leaving a self-addressed and stamped post card.  If you make less than 70, you may retake the exam.  However, the highest grade you can receive on the retest is a 70.  You must make arrangements with the instructor to take a retest WITHIN 5 days after you have taken the exam.  NO RETAKE is available for EXAM #3.  Any test not taken by the deadline date is subject to penalty.

 

 

Each exam is worth 25% of your grade.  You will take the score you earn on it and multiply it by .25 or 25%.  (For example, if you earn a 90, you can multiply 90 by .25 and your total points for that exam will be 22.50 points)  Please remember that the highest score you can obtain on a retest is a 70.

 

WRITTEN PROJECT   (Mandatory, not optional)  25% of your total grade.

Another 25% of your grade will come from an individually written project which is due in my office no later than APRIL 21, 2004.   It is to be neatly printed or typed.  If you choose to fax or send me your project as an email attachment, please put your name and FSHN1342  at the top of your paper and make sure to address it to me.  (Several instructors use the same fax phone number.)  Papers without names will not be graded.  ALWAYS make a back up copy of your paper in case it should be lost in transmission.

 

DIRECTIONS FOR WRITTEN PROJECT:

Attached to this syllabus is a worksheet which must be completely filled out on two (2) stores of your choice.  You may select a mens, womens or childrens apparel store or a general merchandise store.

Pick two different stores.  You will need to visit each of these two stores and complete the worksheet on each store separately.  The more detail you provide, the more points you will earn.  Empty spaces not completed will result in a reduction in points.  Date and location of your visit is a must.

The analysis of each of these two stores will include your assessment of the store exterior, signage, graphics, store windows and entry, types of store window displays, props, lighting, color, etc.

Also included is an assessment of the store lobby or entry way, mannequins or alternative forms used, types of  fixtures used in merchandise displays, point of purchase displays, special props or use of furniture, flooring, cleanliness, atmospherics, and image.  Information on all of these details is found in your text.

 

After completing the visit to each store, and filling out the detailed forms on each store, you are to pretend you are a Visual Merchandising consultant and complete a paper of no less than 3 pages of your impressions and comparisons of each store, and in your opinion, how each store could improve its visual merchandising techniques and displays.  Use specific examples such as recommending changes in fixtures, mannequin styles, lighting, displays etc.  Be creative.  Both the worksheets and your paper must be turned in.  You might include a photo of the outside of the stores, but don’t take photos inside without the specific approval of the store owner or manager.   Sketches are acceptable, and photos are not mandatory.

 

FOR EXTRA CREDIT   (Optional  --TOTAL 5 points, if completed thoroughly and on time)

Since many students often ask if they can do EXTRA credit to improve their grade, the following additional assignment will enable you to earn up to 5 points, if a complete and thorough job is done, and you complete and submit it by  APRIL 15, 2004.  NO  late papers will be accepted.  Please make sure to include your name, my name, and your class section on the paper.

 

Select a local store of your choice. While visiting that store, make a  sketch of a that store’s floor plan showing the layout of departments, fixtures, and the traffic patterns that direct shoppers through the spaces.  If the store has more than l floor, choose only l floor for this paper. If it is a large store (ie. Kmart, etc.) then choose only l department for your paper.  Sketch the floor plan of that store, floor, or dept. as best you can to scale. Exact measurements are not necessary.   In your paper, comment on what you observed on your visit.  How would you improve the floor plan and traffic patterns of that store.  How would you remodel, redecorate, or refixture that space.   (See pages 268-273 in your text for information on floor plans to help you do this assignment.)

 

 

Final Grading Scale for all exams & your overall grade:  90-100=A, 80-89=B, 70-79=C, 60-69=D, Below 60=F.

 

DEPT POLICIES, SCANS, etc.  CAN BE FOUND AT:  www.austincc.edu/mkt

 

COURSE POLICIES:

Incomplete Grades:  Students are encouraged to complete this course successfully, therefore incomplete grades are rarely granted.  Past experience reflects students who do not complete the necessary work during the semester they are registered, will not complete the course even if additional time is given.  In these cases, the incomplete grade of an “I” becomes an “F” grade.  However, if a special situation exists, the instructor may grant the grade of an “I”.  To receive this temporary grade of “I”, the student must:

1.        have completed two exams with at least a C average and the written project.

2.        request the “I” grade in person to the instructor and complete the necessary ACC forms.

3.        Complete the course in the time allowed by the instructor.  Failure to complete the material in the allowed time will result in the “I” being changed to a grade of “F”.

 

Scholastic Dishonesty Policy: “Acts prohibited by the college for which discipline may be administered include scholastic, dishonesty, including but not limited to cheating on an exam or quiz, plagiarizing, and unauthorized collaboration with another in preparing outside work. Academic work submitted by students shall be the result of their thought, research or self-expression. Academic work is defined as, but not limited to test, quizzes, whether taken electronically or on paper, Projects, either individual or group, classroom presentations and homework” (See Student Handbook.)

 

Student with Disabilities Policy: “Each ACC campus offers support services for students with documented physical or psychological disabilities. Student with Disabilities must request reasonable accommodations through the office for students with disabilities on the campus where the expected to take the majority of their classes. Students are encouraged to do this three weeks before the start of the semester” (See Student Handbook.)

 

Freedom of Expression Policy: “Each Student is strongly encouraged to participate in class. In any classroom situation that includes discussion and critical thinking, there are bound to many differing viewpoints. These differences enhance the learning experience and create an atmosphere where students and instructors alike will be encouraged to think and learn. On sensitive and volatile topics, students may sometimes disagree not only with each other but also with instructor. It is expected that faculty and students will respect the views of others when expressed in classroom discussions.” (See Student Handbook)

 

Testing Center Policies can be found at www.austincc.edu/testctr

 

ADDITIONAL STUDENT CONTACT

The Texas Coordinating Board requires an additional student contact with the instructor.  The student will be responsible to contact the instructor in person, by phone, or by email during the semester.

 

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:  Use these, along with terms at the beginning of each chapter and review questions at the end of each chapter, as well as charts and diagrams in  the chapters to study for the exams.

 

Chapter l – Why Do We Display?

Define visual merchandising

Discuss the concept of store image and its relationship to visual merchandising and display

List the purposes of visual merchandising

Describe the role of visual merchandising in retailing today.

 

Chapter 2 –Color and Texture

Discuss the relationship between color and visual merchandising

Name the common associations with various colors

Differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary colors

Name colors in the warm and cool families

Describe the relationship of colors to each other on the color wheel

Name how neutral colors can be best used in store design

What is the relationship between color and texture?

What is texture and how can it be used in a display?

 

Chapter 3 –Line and Composition

Name 3 major types of lines used in displays

Describe composition and its relationship to visual merchandising

Differentiate symmetrical and asymmetrical balance

Describe how dominance and contrasting elements can be used in displays

Define the relationship between proportion and contrast

Define rhythm, repetition, dominance

 

Chapter 4 – Light and Lighting

Discuss the relationship between color and light

Define visible light

Describe techniques for lighting open-backed windows and closed-backed windows

How can lighting be used to draw shoppers into the store

Name advantages/disadvantages of fluorescent and incandescent light

Describe effective uses of light, ie. HID lighting and MRl6 and MR11 lamps.

 

Chapter 5 –Types of Displays and Display Settings

Describe the 4 major types of display

Name 5 categories of display settings

Describe promotional and institutional displays

List the purposes of build up presentations in display

 

Chapter 6—Exterior of the Store

Name key exterior items that impact store image

Describe how banners can be tied in with seasons or promotional events

List adv/disadv. of  4 major windows used in storefront design

Explain the difference between awnings and marquees

 

Chapter 7 –Display Window Construction

Describe the benefits of closed-back windows

List methods for reducing glare and reflection

Name 3 types of floors used in display windows

What function do ceiling grids play in windows?

What methods can be used for turning a large window into a smaller one?

Name adv./disadv. of open-backed windows

List problems with island windows

Name merchandising best suited to shadow box windows

 

Chapter 8 –Store Interiors

Define focal point and its uses

Describe characteristics of island displays

Describe uses of counters and display cases for presentations

Differentiate between museum cases, demonstration cubes, ledges, and structural columns

Define fascia and its uses

Define T Walls  and 100% traffic areas

 

Chapter 9—Mannequins

Describe the diverse characteristics in mannequins

List some methods of proper mannequin care

Differentiate between types of mannequin or alternatives available

 

Chapter 10 – Alternatives to the  Mannequin

List alternatives to the traditional mannequin

Describe visual merchandising techniques used in Europe

Why are alternatives to mannequins being used more frequently

How is flying merchandise accomplished?

 

Chapter 11 –Dressing the Three Dimensional Form

Discuss the steps to be taken in dressing a mannequin

Describe methods in which mannequins may be attached to a base for standing

Discuss the edges of rigging a suit form and the process of dressing a shirt form

What is a shirt board?

 

Chapter 12 –Fixtures

Describe the fixtures used in window displays, counters, ledges and floors

Name common materials and finishes used in the manufacture of fixtures

Describe how stands are used for displays

Name criteria for selecting fixtures

Describe floor and freestanding fixtures

 

Chapter 13 – Visual Merchandising and Dressing Fixtures

Differentiate between visual merchandising and presentation

Name 7 objectives of visual merchandising

Describe techniques that can be used for stocking merchandise

Name some benefits of visual merchandising for the retailer

Describe how clothing can be dressed on fixtures

Describe various types of gondolas & aisle tables

 

Chapter 14  --Modular Fixtures and Systems in Store Planning

Describe the major types of modular fixtures and systems

Name advantages in using modular fixtures

What are the benefits of display systems

Name items to consider when purchasing a display system

 

Chapter 15 – Furniture as Props

Describe how furniture can be used in display

What are some uses of various types of chairs in display

Name types of merchandise suitable for tabletop display

How can armoires and cabinets be used in display

 

Chapter 16 – Attention-Getting Devices

List the purposes of using attention getting devices in displays

Name 12 devices used to get attention

How can humor be used to attract customers

How can motion be used

How can shock be used

Describe some props and their sources

 

Chapter 17 –Familiar Symbols

Describe the major seasons, holidays, clothing lines and store events which are used in merchandising

Discuss appropriate settings, props, and themes for various events

 

Chapter 18 –Masking and Proscenia

Define masking and proscenia

Describe uses of proscenia and situations where it would be beneficial

Describe methods for masking display windows

Name materials and items that can be used for masking purposes

 

Chapter 19 –Sale Idea

Discuss how a store’s image can be maintained while promoting a sales event

Discuss unique sale themes

List how mannequins and props can be used to effectively promote sales events

 

Chapter 20 – Fashion Accessories

Discuss the importance of accessorizing in fashion displays

Name some effective props for displaying accessories

List display techniques in jewelry presentations

Describe the importance of lighting in accessory display

 

Chapter 21 – Graphics and Signage

Define graphics

Describe the use of lifestyle graphics and artwork in store displays

Name methods of manufacturing signs

Describe sizes for signs and cards

 

Chapter 22 --Visual Merchandise Planning

Discuss the importance of a display calendar

Name events in this calendar

List points of consideration for planning a display

Describe steps in display planning and installation

 

Chapter 23 – Setting Up a Display Shop

Name the physical requirements for a display workshop

List furniture and fixtures used in a display shop

Describe tools, supplies, and trimmings to be kept in a display shop

Name handy reference material that could be kept for display purposes

 

Chapter 24 –Store  Planning and Design

Describe the duties and areas of expertise of store planners

What is meant by a floor plan, and scale in relation to a floor plan

Define store rehabilitation

Describe some major symbols used in floor plans

Differentiate between an elevation and a floor plan

 

Chapter 25—Visual Merchandising and the Changing Face of Retail

Describe 3 retail store formats that have increased in growth

Name specific visual merchandising considerations for a big box or superstore, discount/factory outlet

 or vendor shop

Name ways in which large, hanger-style stores can be “warmed up”

 

Chapter 26 – Point of Purchase Display

Name displays that are considered POP

Detail reasons for using POP by retailers

List the functions of a POP display unit

Describe product categories using POP fixtures and materials

What materials are used in the design of a POP unit

 

Chapter 27 –Exhibit and Trade Show Design – Industrial Display

Differentiate between exhibits and trade shows

Name the unique characteristics of the various types of exhibits

List common traffic patterns in exhibits

Describe considerations in planning and selecting an exhibit system

Discuss the use of graphics, light, special effects to enhance an exhibit

What are tie-ins important?

How can theft and vandalism be controlled?

 

Chapter 28, 29, and 30 list various sources for fashion shows, trade organizations and career opportunities in visual merchandising and are NOT included on the last exam.

 

 

VISUAL MERCHANDISING PROJECT                                 NAME:

   (MANDATORY)   25% of grade                                              DATE:

 

VISIT 2 LOCAL STORES AND EVALUATE THEIR VISUAL MERCHANDISING. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DATA SHEET ON EACH OF THE TWO STORES:  USE A SEPARATE DATA SHEET FOR EACH STORE.  Upon completion of each separate data sheet, pretend you are a visual merchandising consultant.   Complete a paper of no less than 3 pages typewritten on your impressions & comparisons of each of the two stores, and how each store could improve its Visual Merchandising techniques and displays.  Use specific examples, such as recommending changes in fixtures, mannequins, lighting, displays, etc.  Be creative!  Both the data sheets and your paper must be turned in.  You might want to include a photo or sketch of the outside of the store, but don’t take photos of the interior without specific approval of store owner or manager. 

 

                                 VISUAL MERCHANDISING AUDIT SHEET

 

DATE OF STORE VISIT:                                                                   NAME OF STORE:

 

STORE LOCATION (NAME & ADDRESS)

 

STORE EXTERIOR

 

PARKING  LOT

 

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

 

MARQUEE  OR AWNING

 

SIGNAGE

 

BANNERS

 

PLANTERS

 

TYPE OF FRONTS (ARCADE/CORNER/ANGLED/STRAIGHT

  OR COMBINATION?)

 

STORE WINDOWS/WINDOW DISPLAYS

 

TYPE OF WINDOWS  (BANK OR RUN-ON)

 

CEILING GRID, FLOORING,  SIDE WALLS

 

OPEN-BACK WINDOWS

 

ISLAND WINDOWS

 

CLOSED-BACK WINDOWS

 

SHADOW BOXES

 

ELEVATED WINDOWS

 

TALL OR DEEP WINDOWS

 

GLARE/REFLECTION FACTOR

 

PROSCENIA OR MASKING USED?

 

THEME USED?

 

COLORS USED?

 

TYPE OF MANNEQUINS USED

 

MANNEQUIN ALTERNATIVES USED

 

PROPS USED

 

FURNITURE USED

 

LIGHTING USED  (SPOTS, ETC.)

 

EUROPEAN DISPLAY TYPES USED (FLYING, LAYDOWN,PINUP)

 

STORE ENTRY

 

ENTRYWAY

 

EASE OF INGRESS AND EGRESS

 

LOBBY FEATURES

 

STORE INTERIOR

 

COUNTERS/SHOWCASES

 

CASH WRAP AREA

 

POINT OF PURCHASE DISPLAYS USED

 

TRAFFIC FLOW/STORE LAYOUT

 

FLOORING  (TILE/CARPET/WOOD)

 

CEILING

 

FURNITURE USED AS PROPS? Examples?

 

 

FIXTURES USED (TYPES USED)

 

T-stand

 

Rounders

 

Gondola

 

Four Way

 

Round Racks

 

S-Racks

 

Spiral Costumer

 

Kiosks

 

Back Wall Displays

 

Other Wall Displays

 

 

LEDGES USED

 

TYPES OF LIGHTING USED

 

Spotlights

 

Floodlights

 

Fluorescent

 

HID

 

MR16/MR11

 

Recessed

 

Colored lights/filters

 

SENSORY ELEMENTS

 

Music

 

Smell

 

Colors

 

THEMES USED

 

Holiday

 

Seasonal

 

Promotional Tie In

 

Humor

 

Clearance Sale Or Other Themes Used?

 

INTERIOR SIGNS  AND GRAPHICS

 

SHOPS WITHIN A SHOP

 

FOCAL POINTS

 

 

CLARITY OF DEFINITION BETWEEN DEPTS

 

 

SERVICE AREAS

 

 

CLEANLINESS

 

 

TYPES OF MANNEQUINS OR ALTERNATIVES USED

 

 

 

PROPS USED?

 

 

DISPLAYS CHANGED FREQUENTLY?

 

 

STORE PACKAGING

 

 

 

ADVERTISING/PUBLIC RELATIONS

 

 

 

SECURITY PRESENCE

   Guards/Security Tags/Security Check Points

 

ENTERTAINMENT VALUE “a measure of the level of enjoyment customers experience as they shop”

 

 

OVERALL STORE IMAGE

 

 

CUSTOMER IMPRESSION/

   YOUR IMPRESSION

 

 

DOES THE TOTAL IMAGE OF THE STORE SUCCESSFULLY RELATE TO THE MERCHANDISE OFFERED?   HOW?