THE BEFORE TIME IN THE LONG, LONG AGO [Chapter 1]
How did Native Americans get here?  What compelled them to do so?
What is the Neolithic Revolution?  How did the Neolithic Revolution allow Native Americans to advance their civilizations?  Can you give examples of their advancement?
Why did the Viking colonies fail?
What developments in Europe allowed for exploration and colonization efforts?
What motives drove the various expedition of Portugal?
Why were Ferdinand and Isabella so anxious to fund Columbus’ expedition?
What drove the Conquistadors’ endeavors?
What elements of Spain’s success encouraged other European nations to colonize?
Identify the Spanish expeditions of the Southwest US and their importance.
What was the main export from the New World to France?  How did this influence French relations with the Indians?
Why did the English fail to colonize after the Cabot expeditions?
Why did Henry VIII break from the Roman Catholic Church?
What factors made colonization of the New World become attractive to the English in the 1570s?
Why did Sir Humphrey Gilbert champion English colonization of the New World?
TERMS: Erik the Red, Leif the Red, Little Optimum, Silk Road, Hernan Cortes, Jacques Cartier, La Salle, Elizabeth I, Sir Walter Raleigh, Roanoke Colony

CHESAPEAKE [Chapter 2]
What is the formula for mercantilism?  What is the chief purpose of this system?  Identify the characteristics of the mercantile system.
What was the chief problem with colonizing America and what was the inventive solution to that problem?
What problems did the colonists encounter at Jamestown?
Why did the Virginia Company reform the Jamestown charter?  What were the provisions of these reforms?  Why were these reforms important to Jamestown and other early settlements?
What events in Jamestown finally curtailed the mortality rate?
What were the circumstances surrounding the founding of Maryland?
TERMS: monocultures, metropole, Jamestown, John Smith, “seasoning time”

NEW ENGLAND [Chapter 2]
Why did the Scrooby Congregation leave England for Holland?  Why did they leave Holland for America?
For what reasons were English Puritans dissatisfied with James I and Charles I?
How did Massachusetts Bay maintain firm control over their colony?  Why did they do so?
Be familiar with Puritan concept of covenant.  How did it influence their form of government?  What kind of problems would it cause?
Identify the challenges presented to Puritan doctrines by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson.
How did the Pequot War set a pattern for future English-Indian wars?  What factors prevented the Indians from driving the English out of America?
Identify why there are two different phases of English colonization of the North American continent.
Who were the original settlers of New York?  What factors would lead to the British conquest of New York?
What was the original intent for the founding of Georgia?  What restrictions did the colonists complain about?
TERMS: Scrooby Congregation, John Winthrop, William Bradford, tithingmen, William Penn, James Oglethorpe

SOLIDIFYING AN EMPIRE [Chapter 3]
What were the provisions of the Navigation Act?  What were the provisions of the Staple Act?
Why did James II set up the Dominion of New England?  What actions of James led to the Glorious Revolution?

INDIAN WARS [Chapter 3]
Identify Spain’s reasons for attempting to assimilate Indians into society.
Why did the Spanish allow Indians to settle in Spanish Florida?
Identify the causes behind Bacon’s Rebellion and the course of the war.  What factor turned it from a race war to an economic one?
Identify the causes and course of King Phillip’s War.

SALEM WITCH TRIALS [Chapter 3]
Can you explain mindset, precedent, and women in regards to the Salem Witch Trials?
Identify how primogeniture escalated tensions between Salem Town and Salem Village.  Also, what is primogeniture?
Identify the reasons for the end of the witch trials.
What are some of the possibilities for the witch hysteria as discussed in class?
According to Puritans, what was the place of women in society?  Explain how deviations from this might lead to accusations of witchcraft.
What was the leading factor in the accusations against men?
TERMS: Tituba, “spectral evidence”

AFRICANS IN THE NEW WORLD [Chapter 3]
For what reasons were slaves needed in the New World?
What was the basis of slavery in antiquity?  Why did this change in the 7th century?
Initially, why were the English not inclined to use slaves?  How did conditions in Virginia reinforce this?
Why was the status of blacks in the colonies uncertain for so long?  What caused their status as slaves to be confirmed?
Identify the reasons for the increase of blacks in the colonies after the 1680s.  How did differences between these and previous slaves increase racial tensions?
Identify the three geographic areas of slavery in North America, which areas have the fewest and most slaves and how those factors contributed to slaves retention of their original heritage?
Identify the methods of slave resistance.
Why did Spain allow escaped slaves to live in Spanish Florida?  Why did escaped slaves avoid the interior?
TERMS: saltwater slaves, Stono Rebellion

SEVEN YEARS WAR [Chapter 4]
How did the Seven Years War differ from previous wars between Britain and France?
Identify the Indians reasons for supporting the French.
Identify why the British wanted to expand into the Ohio Valley.
Identify the aspects of Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan and the reasons for its rejection.
Identify the reasons for British success in the war.
Identify the terms of the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty and the impact of the war.
TERMS: “three rivers”, Fort Duquesne, George Washington, James Wolfe

Questions over Albion’s Seed: This material will show up on the exam. You are responsible for reading the selections and knowing it.

FAMILY WAYS
Massachusetts
Be able to define “Puritan tribalism”.
How did “grace descend” among Puritan families?
What evidence does Fischer point to as proof that innermost nuclear ring was the most important among Puritans?
What responsibilities did tithingmen have?
What evidence does Fischer offer that family hierarchy among Puritans centered on age?
What was the penalty for stubborn or rebellious sons over the age of 16?

Virginia
What evidence does Fischer present of Virginia’s emphasis on extended family in difference to Puritans?
Be able to define “kin-neighborhood”.
Why did Chesapeake households contain more step-relatives and wards?
In what ways did Virginia differ in terms of number of children, servants, lodgers, step-relatives, and visitors?  Why was this so?

Delaware:
How did the Quakers define family?  What examples does Fischer provide?
What did John Bartram find astonishing about Quaker households that exemplifies the equality of Quakers?
What was the “spiritual cement” of Quaker families?
Why did Quakers feel it was dangerous to allow non-Quaker servants into the household unit?

MARRIAGE WAYS
Massachusetts
What is a “thornback”?
How did the Puritan views of marriage differ from the Anglican views?
How does Fischer define “self-marriage”?  What was the punishment for such an offense?
How did courtship among Puritans begin?
What is “bundling”?
What were the two requirements of a New England courtship?  How did “bundling” and “courting sticks” help satisfy these requirements?
What were the approved reasons for divorce?

Virginia
What was the difference between Virginia and Massachusetts regarding the permanence of marriage?
What is a broomstick marriage and to which group did it hold a special meaning?
What punishments existed for children who did cooperate with their parents during the courtship process?
What does the text mean by “changed her condition, but not her name”?

Delaware
What is a “mongrel marriage”?  What evidence shows that this was a major problem for the Quakers?
How did Quakers prevent marriages made solely for material gains?  What were the consequences of these restrictions?

RELIGIOUS ORIGINS
Massachusetts
Describe the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Company.
Puritan migrants were most concerned about whose spiritual condition?  How is this reflected in the motivations of John Dane?
What were the requirements for joining a Congregational church?
Which group was not likely to be church members?
Be familiar with the five points of Calvinist doctrine.

Delaware
Why did Quakers suffer at the hands of Anglican clergy in England?  What, though, was the leading cause of Quaker migration to Pennsylvania?
Based on Quaker texts, what was the most important part of the Bible to Quakers?  How did this differ from the Puritans?
How did the Quakers image of God differ from the Puritans?
What is the Inner Light and its role in salvation?
How was Quaker church government different from Puritan and Anglican?

SETTLED REGIONS:
Chesapeake
What is an estuary?  What was the chief benefit of the estuary to the settlers?  What were its dangers?
Why did settlers prefer to build their farms and plantations near the Bay?
What characteristic of the Bay led to the “omission of towns”?
What are the “necks”?  What are its characterisitics?  Who settled here?
When was the dying time in the Bay at its worst?  What diseases were white settlers susceptible to?  What effect did the heat and prevalence of disease have on the behaviors of the Bay settlers?

Massachusetts
The first and most important environmental fact about New England was?  What evidence is supplied from the Puritans to support this?  How was it a “blessing”?  How did it prevent the establishment of slavery in New England?
How did the land force Puritans into nucleated towns?
For Toynbee, how did this “hard country” affect the Puritans?

SEX WAYS
Massachusetts
How did the Puritans define adultery?  What was the punishment for the offense?  How did the Puritans define fornication?  How was punishment different between the two?
What was the effect on prenuptial pregnancy?
How did the Puritans define unnatural sex and what were the penalties for it?
Why were the Puritans opposed to contraception?

Virginia
How did punishment for adultery and fornication differ from Massachusetts?
What was the punishment for servants who became pregnant out of wedlock?
Why was bastardy punished so severely in the Chesapeake?
How did bloodlines make a difference in viewing adultery in the Chesapeake region?
What examples of planter predators are given?  Which two female groups were at high risk for assault by planter predators?
How did attitudes towards rape differ from the Puritans?