A. Complete the following Reactions:
 
1.   Nucleophilic attack by cyanide on carbonyl leading to the cyanohydrin (addition product).

2.   Clemmenson Reaction: Converts ketones to hydrocarbons.

3.  Hydrolysis of acid chloride yielding carboxylic acid: Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution. 

4.  Carboxylic acids are mild acids, easily strong enough to react with a strong metal
       such as calcium:  Acid + Metal ------> Salt  +  Hydrogen.
 
5.  Acid chlorides can be alkylated with selective organo-metallic reagents: Nucleophilic Carbonyl             Substitution.

6.   Lithium aluminum hydride will reduce esters giving  two molecules of alcohol.

7.   Fischer Esterfication: Carboxylic Acid  +  Alcohol  ----->  Ester  +  water,  (Acid Catalyzed).

8.   Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition of Derivatives of Ammonia:  Followed by dehydration,
        yielding, in this case the phenyl hydrazine.

9.   Acid anhydrides, as well as acid halides, will serve as acylating agents in the
       Friedel-Crafts reaction.

10.  Carbonation of organometallic yielding carboxylic acid with one more carbon .

11.  Acid chlorides can be reduced with selective aluminum hydride reagents without
        reacting with the aldehyde product: Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution .

12.  First step in Wittig sequence.  Triphenyl phosphine acts as nucleophile toward
         alkyl halide.  Initial product:  phosphonium salt.

13.  Acid chlorides react with ammonia yielding amides.  Two moles of ammonia are
         required, the second to neutralize the HCl produced.  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution.

14.  Ketones and aldehydes can be halogenated at the alpha position . 

15.  Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of amide yields carboxylic acid and ammonium salt.  N.S.C.

16.  Primary alcohols are oxidized by permanganate to carboxylic acids .

17.  Iodoform test.  Methyl ketones, or alcohols which would be oxidized to methyl
         ketones, will form a carboxylic acid and CHI₃, Iodoform.

18.  Trans-esterfication.  Under acid catalysis the alcohol moiety of an ester may be
        exchanged for another by equilibrium (Le Chatelier) effects. 

19.  Carboxylic acids are converted into acid cxhlorides by treatment with SOCl₂.

20.  Aldehydes may be oxidized by a variety of reagents including Ag(NH₃)₂⁺.
         Tollens Silver Mirror Test.

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21.  Lithium aluminum hydride is capable of reducing carboxylic acids to alcohols .

22.   Organo-metallic reagents attack the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones.
           Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition

23.  Anhydrides react with water, forming two moles of acid .  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution.

25.  Primary alcohols may be oxidized by chromium reagents to aldehydes .

24.  Nitriles are hydrolyzed under acidic (or basic) conditions to carboxylic acids.  

26.  Esters can be converted to amides by treatment with ammonia .  Nucleophilic Carbonyl
         Substitution .

27.  Phosphorus pentachloride is one inorganic reagent used to transform carboxylic acids
         into acid chlorides.  Others are PCl₃  and SOCl₂.

28.  Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols with borohydride .

29.  Esters react with an excess of organo-metallic reagent to form tertiary alcohols .
        Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution  followed by Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition .

30.  Nitrating conditions, the acid function being a (de-activating) meta director .  Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution.

32.  Anhydrides react with alcohols to form esters .  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution .

33.  Acids react with (hydroxylic) bases to form a salt and water .

34.  Friedel-Crafts acylation.  Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution.

35.  Latter step in Wittig sequence.  The phosphorus compound or ylide acts as a nucleophile
        toward ketone.  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition followed by elimination.

36.  Elemental phosphorus and halogen (or phosphorus trihalide) will substitute a
        halogen for hydrogen at the alpha position.  Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction.

37.   N.B.  Carbonyl oxygen and double bond were not included in formula.  Aldehydes
         without alpha hydrogens will undergo concurrent oxidation and reduction, forming
         one mole of acid and one mole of alcohol.  Cannizzaro Reaction.

38.  Esters are hydrolyzed under acidic (or basic) conditions to carboxylic acids.
         Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution .

39.  Nitriles are hydrolyzed under basic  (or acidic) conditions to carboxylic acids.

40.   Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols with hydrogen.  Catalytic Hydrogenation.

42.   Acid anhyrides react with ammonia yielding amides.  Two moles of ammonia are required,
          the second to neutralize the acid produced.  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution.

44.  Permanganate will oxidize alkyl side chains on benzene rings to acid functions.  If the
        side chain consists of more than one carbon the others are oxidized to CO₂.

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46.  Acid chlorides react with alcohols to yield esters.   Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution .

47.  Hydrazine reacts with ketones under BASIC conditions to give hydrocarbons .   Wolff-Kischner Reaction.

48.   Acid chlorides react with carboxylic acids  yielding (mixed) anhydrides.    Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution.

49.  Carboxylic acids are converted into acid chlorides by treatment with  PCl₃ .

50.  LAH (LAD in this case) converts ketones into secondary alcohols .   Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition.

52. Hydroxyl Amine adds to the carbonyl of ketone to form oximes.   Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution with Dehydration.

53. The aldehyde group is (deactivating and) meta directing.  Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution.

54.  Basic hydrolysis of amide yields ammonia and carboxylic acid (in salt form).  Nucleophilic Carbonyl Substitution.

55.  Formaldehyde has a higher tendency toward oxidation than other aldehydes so the major products will be
        benzyl alcohol and formic acid.   Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction.

56. This question has been omitted from  Reaction Set II.