Unit 3

Resurrection, Rebellion, and Reform

Behavioral Objectives

Here are the specific tasks you will be called upon to perform successfully on the Unit III Exam. The information required for mastery of the reading objectives is contained in Chapters 7 - 10 of The History of Texas. The information required for mastery of the lecture objectives is contained in the lectures for this unit - "Texas Frontier Forts and Indian Campaigns", "'Tis An Angry Wind that Blows': Lone Star Populism", and "Fergusonism and the Klan".

READING OBJECTIVES

A Frontier Society in Transition

1. Be familiar with the makeup of the Texas population from 1860 to 1900 being sure to include population growth, the rural nature of Texas society, and beginning urbanization.
2. Describe the liquidation of the American bison herds and the connection this had with the subjugation of the Comanches and other Plains Indians.
3. Identify and describe in detail the factors which gave rise to the open-range industry of cattle drives following the Civil War.
4. Be familiar with each of the following trails and the role each played: (a.) Sedalia Trail, (b.) Chisholm Trail, (c.) Great Western Trail, (d.) Goodnight-Loving Trail.
5. Identify and describe in detail the factors which brought an end to the cattle drives and the beginning of closed-range ranching.
6. Be familiar with the establishment of cattle ranches in western and panhandle Texas being sure to explain how this reflected the frontier conditions in the state.
7. Identify the various causes of persistent violence in Texas from the end of the Civil War through the end of the century.
8. Be familiar with each of the following areas of violence: (a.) the Taylor-Sutton Feud, (b.) outlaws and gunslingers such as John Wesley Hardin and Ben Thompson, (c.) racial violence against minorities, (d.) the Salt War, (e.) Cattle Wars.
9. Examine the recreation of the Texas Rangers following Reconstruction as well as their use of "extralegal" methods in the performance of their duties.
10. Describe the rising cities of Texas being sure to identify the importance of railroads and the degree to which segregation maintained minority culture.
11. Describe in detail the situation of women, racial minorities, and foreign immigrants in the final third of the nineteenth century.
12. By the turn of the century, Texas was no longer a frontier society. Identify the factors which brought the frontier to an end as well as the positive and negative aspects of Texas' frontier legacy.

1. In describing the subsidization of railroad construction, one commentator remarked: "Never have so many given so much to so few." Describe in detail the spread of rails across the Lone Star State being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) the desirability of railroads in Texas, (b.) reasons Texans subsidized (helped pay for) rail construction, (c.) methods of subsidization, (d.) the positive and negative impacts of rapid rail construction, (e.) major lines built in Texas prior to 1900.
2. Be familiar with how technology changed the environment of West Texas, resulting in the end of the open, unfenced range.
3. Be familiar with the explotative development of timber in East Texas.
4. Trace the early development of labor unions in Texas - reasons for emergence, obstacles faced, successes and failures, etc.
5. Describe in detail the commercialization of Texas agriculture and the spread of the Cotton Kingdom being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) the impact of railroads in the shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture, (b.) the spread of tenant farming, sharecropping, and the crop-lien system, (c.) the relationship between overproduction, the value of cotton, and spreading tenancy or sharecropping
6. Identify factors responsible for conservative control of Texas politics following Reconstruction and the supremacy of the Democratic party.
7. Describe the challenge to conservative Democratic control in the decade following Reconstruction's end being sure to identify supporters, weaknesses, and demands of both Republicans and Greenbackers.
8. Trace the emergence of the Grange and the Farmers' Alliance agrarian organizations being sure to contrast the two in terms of goals, programs, and demands.
9. Describe the response of the state Democratic party to rising agrarian discontent, especially the actions of Attorney General and later Governor James Stephen Hogg.
10. Identify the demands of the militant element of the Farmers' Alliance and explain the issues over which they split with Governor Hogg and established the People's Party in Texas.
11. Discuss in detail the political challenge of the Farmers'Alliance/Populist party in 1890s Texas being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) the Populists' efforts to form a biracial party with blacks and the political price they paid for their efforts in an increasingly racist Texas, (b.) Populist election victories, (c.) the divisiveness of the "fusion/non-fusion" issue in the 1896 presidential election, (d.) the Democratic party's political co-optation and reabsorption of the Populists beginning in 1896, (e.) the residue of the Populist uprising which shaped Texas politics for the next half century

1. Be familiar with the discovery of oil at Spindletop, the spread of drilling across much of the state, the formation of major petroleum companies, and the economic impact of oil on Texas.
Be familiar with the continuing economic domination of cotton during the early decades of the century paying particular attention to expansion of acreage, value, labor and financial support systems, farm life, etc.
2. Describe in detail the situation of Black Texans in the early twentieth century being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) the Democratic white primary, (b.) the spread of Jim Crow segregation based upon the "separate but equal" doctrine, (c.) racial violence - lynching, race riots, (d.) organizational efforts to address inequities.
3. Discuss in detail the situation of Mexican Texans in the early twentieth century being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) exclusion from the political process, (b.) racial segregation, (c.) the development of migratory labor in agriculture, (d.) organizational efforts to address inequities.

1. Identify those ways in which Progressivism in Texas differed from earlier reform movements and reflected an anti-eastern bias.
2. Identify the particulars of and describe the impacts of the Terrell Election Law of 1905 and subsequent legislation.
3. Be familiar with the antitrust prosecutions of the Waters-Pierce Company, Senator Joseph Weldom Bailey's role, and allegations of conflict of interest against him.
4. Be familiar with the following reforms in Texas: (a.) the Hogg antirailroad amendments, (b.) Robertson Insurance Law of 1907, (c.) state bank insurance program, (d.) initiative, referendum, and recall provisions included in various city charters, (e.) workmen's compensation.
5. Identify the Plan de San Diego, the use of Texas Ranger forces in border areas, charges of brutality regarding the treatment of South Texas Mexican Americans, and the subsequent reduction in Ranger companies.
6. Describe the process by which Texas women gained the right to vote during the latter Progressive era.
7. Identify both the supporters and opponents of prohibition and describe the process by which Texas went from local-option laws to a statewide ban on alcohol.
8. Describe in detail the superpatriotism and illiberality of the war and postwar periods.
9. Explain how progressives could support the Ku Klux Klan, immigration restrictions, and other repressive measures during the 1920s.
10. Evaluate the progressivism of Pat Neff's governorship being sure to cover both legislative successes and failures and his efforts to enforce prohibition laws.
11. Describe in detail the rise and spread of the second Ku Klux Klan being sure to cover each of the following topics: (a.) the kind of fears and tensions which brought about the Klan's resurgence, (b.) the Klan's supporters, (c.) the Klan's targets (especially its efforts to impose its version of morality), (d.) the Klan's political activity and strength, (e.) the Klan's demise.
12. Identify actions by private and public agencies to force moral conformity which dovetailed with the Klan's efforts.
13. Be familiar with the fundamentalist movement within Protestant denominations and efforts to impose religious orthodoxy.
14. Detail the reaction of Texas Democrats to the presidential candidacy of Alfred E. Smith and hypothesize why the state voted Republican in 1928.

"Texas Frontier Forts and Indian Campaigns" (HIS1693.HUP.22568x)

1. Identify the location, the mission, and the relative importance in the Indian Wars of each of the following military installations: (a.) Fort Richardson, (b.) Fort Griffin, (c.) Fort McKavett, (d.) Fort Concho, (e.) Fort Davis, (f.) Fort Clark.
2. Describe in detail the role played by buffalo hunters in the subjugation of the Comanches and other Plains Indians and the attitudes of the U. S. Army about the liquidation of the buffalo.
3. Be familiar with the particulars of a typical buffalo hunt.
4. Be familiar with the Salt Creek "Massacre" of 1871 and its impact on the attitudes of the U.S. Army towards the Indian problem in the Southwest and the end of the Quaker Indian policy of the federal government.
5. Describe in detail the Battle of Adobe Walls being sure to address each of the following points: (a.) Ishatai's vision, (b.) the brief alliance between the Quahadi Comanches, Kiowas, and the Southern Cheyene, (c.) the outcome of the battle, (d.) the effect on the Indian policy of the federal government.
6. Describe in detail the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon being sure to address each of the following: (a.) Ranald Mackenzie's objectives and tactics in this particular battle, (b.) the outcome of the battle, (c.) the reasons why the Quahadi Comanches accepted "reservation status" after the battle.
7. Identify and recognize the historical significance of each of the following: (a.) the Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867), (b.) "buffalo soldiers", (c.) "Sharps 50", (d.) Satanta and Big Tree, (e.) Fort Sill Reservation, (f.) General Phil Sheridan, (g.) Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, (h.) Quahadis (Antelope People), (i.) Penatakas (Honey Eaters), (j.) Quanah Parker, (k.) Ishatai (Coyote Droppings), (l.) Lone Wolf (Kiowas), (m.) Butterfield Overland Stage Route, (n.) Vitorio and the Mimbres Apaches.

1. Describe how Populism was an outgrowth of earlier agrarian political movements - the Greenback party, the Grange, and the Farmers' Alliance.
2. Identify the specific demands of the Populist party.
3. Be familiar with Populist efforts to build their support in Texas through newspapers, reform speakers, and camp meetings.
4. Be familiar with the election efforts of the Populists in Texas in the 1890s being sure to include each of the following: (a.) the divisive effect of race, (b.) the efforts of the Democratic party to protect itself by co-opting atleast some of the Populists' demands, (c.) the "fusionist" struggle within Populist ranks, (d.) Populist victories in Texas, (e.) reasons for the party's demise.
5. Identify Populism's impact on public policy in Texas.

1. Be familiar with the agrarian proposal made by James A. Ferguson in 1914 to limit shares of crops due landowners who employed sharecroppers and the outcome of this proposal.
2. Describe in detail the battle over control of the University of Texas that erupted between Governor Ferguson, UT President Robert Vinson and the Board of Regents, and powerful alumni and supporters of the university. What was the struggle about? Specifically, how did Ferguson strike at the university? How did it and its supporters respond? What was the struggle's outcome?
3. Be familiar with the impeachment, conviction, and removal from office of Governor Ferguson in 1917 being sure to cover each of the following: (a.) charges of impeachment, (b.) Ferguson's attempts to escape conviction, (c.) the reasons for conviction, (d.) the bar from future officeholding, (e.) the questionable constitutionality of the impeachment process.
4. Characterize the Ku Klux Klan which emerged in the United States including what it stood for or against, why it attracted such support in certain areas, and its campaign to impose certain moral beliefs and practices upon all of society.
5. Describe the Klan's success in Texas politics in its early years and why it entered the political arena.
6. Be familiar with the political clash between the Klan and the Fergusons in 1924 for the office of governor and the outcome of that contest.
7. Identify and describe the various scandals which rocked "Ma" Ferguson's governorship.
8. Be familiar with the gubernatorial contest of 1926 and identify the reasons for Dan Moody's successful challenge to Mrs. Ferguson.