Carlisle Indian Industrial School.html

Americans and Natives had a hard time agreeing on what it meant to have a good education. Natives believed that knowing how to hunt, fish, and make tools was more useful knowledge. On the other hand, Europeans and Americans believed that knowing how to do advanced math, knowing science, and other higher-level courses was a far superior form of education.

At Carlisle Indian Industrial School, one of the most well-known Native boarding schools as well as the first off-reservation Indian school, Native American children were taught how to play different instruments, different house hold chores, along with other core classes. It’s founder, Richard Henry Pratt, wanted to assimilate Natives into white culture, and to do so, went around the US recruiting natives so they could learn the ways of white men.

The links below will take you to sources in which you can find information relevant to the various efforts of the Americans to assimilate the Native American children into their culture through education at Carlisle Indian Industrial School. This pathfinder will help answer these questions: Which methods were employed by the Europeans to disassociate children from their original culture? How many Natives were assimilated into white culture, never to return to their families? How many Natives returned home?

Jones, Louis Thomas. “Amerindian Education.” San Antonio, TX: Naylor Co., 1972. Print.

This source is an account of the experiences Louis Thomas Jones has in relation to Native American education, as well as research he did in order to write this book. It was written a few years after the closing of the school. This is a reliable source because he does do research on the subject, making the information given unbiased.

Pratt, Richard H., Brig. Gen. “The Indian Industrial School CARLISLE PENNSYLVANIA Its Origin, Purposes, Progress and the Difficulties Surmounted.” PDF. Denver, Colorado: Hamilton Library Association, February 27, 1908.

This is another essay that was written by the founder of Carlisle Indian Industrial School, R. H. Pratt. It is an account of the "Origin, Purposes, Progress, and the Difficulties" of starting and maintaining the school. This source is valuable because the founder does not only complement his own work, but he takes the time to describe the "Origin, Purposes, Progress, and the Difficulties" of the school, both positive and negative.

Pratt, R. H., Capt. “The American Missionary. Vol. Xxxvii.” New York, NY: American Missionary Association, 1883.

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=amis;cc=amis;idno=amis0037-4;node=amis0037-4%3A1;view=image;seq=118;size=100;page=root

This is a small history of Carlisle Indian Industrial School written by its founder, Richard Henry Pratt. He describes the founding of the school, why he believes the school was a success, and some of its "industrial features". This is a great source because it was written by the Founder of the school himself. The only downside is that he desires to make himself sound successful and therefore is biased in that aspect.

This essay was written by the founder of Carlisle himself. He gives a short history of Carlisle School, and a bit of its "industrial features." This is a priceless source, although it is very biased towards the idea that Carlisle was a great school.

Booth, Tabatha Toney. "Cheaper Than Bullets: American Indian Boarding Schools and Assimilation Policy, 1890-1930." 46-56.

This paper was written by a Professor at the University of Central Oklahoma and is therefore credible. This source talks about how the American Government thought that it was cheaper to educate the Native Americans than to fight them and they should, therefore, do that. The author goes on to explain how little the government actually cared and how little they helped Carlisle financially and materialistically.

Calloway, Colin G. “First peoples: a documentary survey of American Indian history.” Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, a Macmillan Education imprint, 2016. Print.

This is the textbook used in our class. It is a reliable, scholarly source and provides citations for many different sources for all the facts that are presented. It is full of details about the changes Native American children had to endure while being displaced from their homelands and placed a new culture.

Landis, Barbara. "Carlisle Indian Industrial School History." Carlisle Indian Industrial

School History. Accessed April 24, 2017. http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html.

This source was a short history of the starting, maintaining, and closing of Carlisle. It talks about Pratt's history, recruiting students, the life of a student, the outing system, and the cemetery. It is clear that the author has done their research and knows the information. In other sources, I have found a lot of the same information as this author, making this source considerable credible.

PBS. Accessed April 24, 2017. http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/boarding.html#.

This is a small article on Indian Boarding Schools. It briefly talks about the background of Natives and European contact and how the Europeans did not think that the Natives were capable of being smart on their own. It goes on to explain how the Natives got to and felt about their boarding school experiences. Although there isn't too much information in this source, what it does have, I believe to be reliable. KLRU is a very well known TV station and must do a lot of research and preparation before releasing any material.

Reyhner, Jon. "American Indian Education." American Indian/Alaska Native Education: An Overview. Accessed April 4, 2017. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/AIE/Ind_Ed.html.

This source goes over the history of American Indian/Alaska Native Education, the role of the BIA, Validating Native Culture, and the different subjects the Native American children learned in school. This source was written by a Professor at the Northern Arizona University. He's written many chapters for textbooks, given workshops and presentations.

Satterlee, Anita. “The Carlisle Indian Industrial School.” Report. History, U.S. Army War College. Carlisle, PA, 2002. 1-13.

This was a report done by a student at an Army college. The references used in her paper seem to all be official .org, .edu, and .gov sources along with many primary sources. She talks about Pratt’s mission at Carlisle to “kill the Indian, save the man,” his methodology in achieving this goal through several courses, and his totalitarian discipline style.

Wishart, David J. "Education, geography, and Indian assimilation, 1887-1933." Journal of Geography 81, no. 6 (1982): 204-10. doi:10.1080/00221348208980736.

This source talks about the geography of boarding schools: where they were located and the attendance of the schools. The author of this journal goes into depth on how geography was thought to the natives in comparison to public schools. He compares and contrasts the different things students from public schools and Indian schools learn.

Witmer, Linda F. “The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879-1918.” Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society, 2002. Print.

This book gives the complete, in-depth history of Carlisle Indian Industrial School. It discusses the revolutionary idea of Carlisle, its' functioning years, the changes in its philosophy, and its closing. It also has many pictures of the school, students, teachers, classrooms, and activities.