Test 1 Review

Chapter 1

cultural anthropology
ethnography
ethnology
archaeology
historic archaeology
ethnoarchaeology
ethnohistory
epigraphy
iconography
physical anthropology

spatial
temporal
formal

absolute
radiocarbon dating
relative

culture area
region
settlement pattern
settlement system
site
site layout
component
activity area
feature
industry
assemblage
subassemblage
ecofact
artifact
attribute
sequnce
period or phase
horizon

major dimensions of culture
technoeconomic organization
social organization
political organization
ideology

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Chapter 2

circular feedback cycle
theory
hypothesis testing
evaluating

Speculative Period: 1400s to 1840

Thomas Jefferson: 1784

law of superposition
stratigraphy
uniformitarianism
gradualism
index fossil

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age

Descriptive Period: 18402 to early 1900s

Lewis Henry Morgan

Paleolithic
Neolithic
Heinrich Schlieman: used Iliad to locate Troy
Pitt Rivers: scientific excavation
Flinders Petrie: Egypt
seriation
cross-dating
Arthur Evans: Crete
Knossos
experimental archaeology: rates of deposition

professional archaeology
Smithsonian Institute: 1846

Historical Period: 1910-1945

chronologies
culture history
absolute/chronometric dating
dendrochronology
direct historical approach
cultural ecology: Julian Steward

Leonard Woolley
Ur
Eridu
diffusionist model
V. Gordon Childe
archaeological culture

Explanatory Period: 1945-Present

Walter Taylor: A Study of Archaeology
conjunctive approach
multidisciplinary studies
settlement pattern studies
Gordon Willey
chronometric dating
radiocarbon (carbon-14) dating
cultural processes

New Archaeology
Lewis Binford
cultural evolution and cultural ecology
Julian Steward
cultural materialism
Marvin Harris
cultural resource management (CRM)
non-materialist perspectives (mental)
structuralism
post-processual archaeology
feminist archaeology
historic archaeology
reburial issue
Nunamiut Eskimo: ethnoarchaeology
Lewis Binford
hypothesis testing

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Chapter 3

goals
reconstruct natural features of environment
how environment was used by Maya
how Maya transformed their environment
methods
environmental surveys
ethnographic study of modern Honduran farmers
environmental data from survey and excavations
soil samples
pollen/palynology
flora remains
fauna remains
results

goals
locates and map all visible sites
methods
settlement surveys
Copán pocket
results
urban core

test excavations
goals
determine if sites were residences
recover data to date sites
methods
small test trenches
results
large-scale excavations
goals
methods
horizontal stripping
results
Main Group
elite residences
9N-8
rural sites

goals
degree of ranking/stratification
age-sex structure
health and diet
methods
analysis of skeletons
bone chemistry
results

goals
building functions
history of royal dynasty
institution of kingship
methods
plaza excavations
tunneling
results

goals
labor required for construction projects
methods
quarry and shape stone blocks
monitoring architectural reconstruction
results

epigraphy
goals
recover and decipher records on monuments
provide a chronological sequence of monuments, rulers, and political events
political organization
structure functions
religious beliefs and rituals
methods
results
iconography
goals
methods
results

archaeomagnetism
obsidian hydration
goals
methods
stratigraphy
archaeomagnetism
radiocarbon
obsidian hydration
results

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Chapter 4

problem orientation
background study
site formation processes
habitation sites
preservation
extreme conditions
local environment
maps
aerial photographs
remote sensing
sampling
sample
population
locus/loci
types of sampling
random sample
biased sample
stratified sample
systematic sample
research proposal

systematic settlement survey
surface collection
shovel tests
test pits
augering
datum
grid
geophysical survey
excavation
provenience
lots
lateral/extensive excavation
cross-sectional/slot trenches
baulks/witness columns
stratigraphic profiles
screening
flotation
forms
note taking
field notes
field operation journal
forms

typology (categorizing)
hierarchical
typological features
morphology
material
technology/manufacturing processes
style
function
analyses
dating
relative dating
seriation
stratigraphy
absolute dating
epigraphy
calendrics
dendrochronology
radiometric techniques
radiocarbon/C-14 dating
K/Ar dating
thermoluminescence, fission-track dating, electron spin resonance
obsidian hydration
amino acid racemization
archaeomagnetic dating
F-U-N method
error factors
artifacts and architecture
function
context
ethnoarchaeology
experimental archaeology
use-wear analysis
residue analysis
composition/source/manufacturing
spectroscopy
Mossbauer
opitical emission
neutron activation
X-ray fluorescence
style
morphology
floral and faunal
id species
taphonomy
domestication
human remains
demography (age-sex structure)
health
coprolites
preservation
context
soil chemistry
stable isotope analysis (bone chemistry)
data anlysis
computer use
statistics
spatial analysis
nearest-neighbor statistic
central place theory
rank-size rule
interpretation

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Chapter 5

Tylor's definition
acquired
social group
integrated
both information and behavior
symbolic, learned, patterned behavior
general and specific meanings
mental or behavioral

biological
natural selection
differential reproduction
processes
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection
cultural
similarities and differences with biological evolution
innovations
diffusion
characteristics

general trends in cultural evolution
major transformations in cultural adaptations

egalitarian socieites
bands
tribes
achieved leadership
ranked socieites
chiefdoms
heirarchy
ascribed leadership
stratified societies
states

Julian Steward
cultural core
subsistence strategy
both a method and a theory
technology
subsistence strategies
social organization
ideology

sociocultural systems
subsystems
terminology
integration
feedback
hierarchy
regulation
equilibrium
regulation
negative feedback
positive feedback
Tehucán

Marvin Harris
infrastructure
structure
superstructure