Test 2 Review

Chapter 6

ecosystem
ecological community
trophic levels
carrying capacity
intensification

non-industrial societies
low-energy societies: most of energy from food
industrial societies
high-energy societies: fossil fuels

hunting and gathering
food production
consequences
salinization
characteristics
intensification
chinampas
fallowing
swidden/slash and burn farming
pastoralism

tropical forests
grasslands
midlatitude grasslands
tropical grasslands
drylands
xerophytic
Mediterranean scrub forest
midlatitude mixed forests
marginal biomes
boreal and polar lands
taiga
tundra
mountain lands
marine ecosystems

Kwakiutl
patrilineal descent
potlatch

mode of production
transport
primary tools
cutting tools
chipped stone tools
ground stone tools
metal tools

Chapter 7

joint family household
extended family household
polygamous families
polygamy
polygyny
polyandry
characteristics
functions of dwellings
protection
child-rearing
food preparation
storage
social interaction
ritual activities
rites of passage
maintenance of house
activity areas
house forms
courtyards
indoor vs. outdoor
estimating household size and population size
floor space method
Naroll: 10 m2 per person
SRP method: structures X rooms X persons
use habitation rooms

characteristics
permanence
temporary
year-round
density
people per unit area
distance decay function
functional diversity
low-order central place
higher-order central place

community differentiation
egalitarian societies
!Kung: egalitarian hunter-gatherers
settlement system
settlement characteristics
dwellings
household functions
division of labor
Yanomamo: egalitarian sedentary group
slash and burn agriculture
village size
settlement characteristics
division of labor
subsistence
nonegalitarian societies
site types
central places
settlement hierarchy
Pueblo Indians: ranked
Chaco Canyon
settlement types
small pueblos
large pueblos
signal towers, water control systems, and roads
Great Kivas
social structure
descent reckoning
matrilineal
matrilocal postmarital residence
pottery analyses
Yoruba: incipient stratification
patrilocal residence
extended family households
multilevel settlement system
high-order central places
low-order central places
characteristic architecture
Aztecs: stratified state level society
household
calpulli
endogamous
residence rule
household composition
household functions

Chapter 8

objects
context

by age and sex
institutionalized specialization

Early Formative Oaxaca

reciprocity
redistribution
exchange
barter
trade
Hopewell

part-time
full-time

nonegalitarian distribution
markets and marketplaces
periodic market
negative reciprocity
itinerant traders
patron-client relationship
urbanization and specialization
city
mercantile city

city
food supply
specialization, exchange, and trade
survey and artifact studies
obsidian specialization
excavation
Tlajinga 33
distribution
Great Compound
imported materials
exported materials

setting
scale of specialization
trade
obsidian
sources
consumption and elite management
distribution
other specializations
El Duende
Petapilla
manos
metates
distribution
marketplaces ?
client artisans
elite compounds (9N-8, Structure 110B)
room layout
artifacts
soil analysis
burials
art

degree of specialization
division of labor
distribution

Chapter 9

infrastructural
Europe: 15-30,000 years ago- Late/Upper Paleolithic
Sumer: writing- 3000 BC
structural
status symbols
conspicuous consumption
superstructural
sacred vs. profane
rites of passage
rites of intensification
not just religion
recreational
complex feedback between levels

spoken language
writing
prehistoric
quipus
literacy
privileged class
forms of writing systems
pictographs
rebus writing
ideographs
logographs
syllabic symbols
phonetic symbols
epigraphy
Rosetta Stone
etiquette
imagery and art
iconography
ritual
functions at all levels
enculturation
mathematics, music, and games
deciphering symbolic systems
cuneiform
durability

mathematics and calendrics
Tzolkin
Haab
Calendar Round
Long Count
writing
Proskouriakoff
mixture of pictographic, ideographic, logographic, and syllabic
what information conveyed by writing
Classic Maya art

distribution of symbols
architecture
corbel vaulting
scale
design
artifacts
sets of related symbols
buildings
nobility/elite
elite residential sites
symbolic sculpture
hieroglyphic inscriptions
carved benches
distinctive sets of symbols
court ranks
royal dynasty
royal residence and ritual center
temples, palaces, other civic structures
information obtained
dynastic sequence
ruling builder
how symbols used to express and legitimize rule
public symbolic rituals of royalty
status symbols
symbolic record of Classic Maya

Chapter 10

prestige
authority
access to prestige and authority
size
mode(s) of production
leadership
situational
shamans
decision-making
Big-Men

Calusa
mode of production
size
ascribed vs. achieved positions
inheritance of position/ascription
lineage
clan
functions of chiefs
mana
authority and power
more formalized government
egalitarian dimensions
mobilization of support and labor
mechanical solidarity
chiefly wealth

stratification
classes
castes
importance of kinship
unequal distribution of wealth
basis of political power/coercion
states
size
stratification
ideology
coercion
segregation
organic solidarity
processes of political evolution
centralization

egalitarian society: Yamamano
size
settlement system
political system
mode of production
archaeological evidence
ranked society/chiefdom: Tonga
size
political system
Tui Tonga
other paramount chiefs
district chiefs
settlement system
archaeological evidence
stratified society/state: Aztecs
size
political system
mode of production
chinampas
archaeological evidence

maximum size and complexity A.D. 750-800
settlement system
Main Group
1400 smaller sites
Type 3 & 4 sites: elite residences
Type 1 & 2 sites: rural residences
population estimate: maximum 27,000
population density
burials
art
inferred evolution
chiefdom or state?
territory and population size
A.D. 750-800: strong political centralization
abandonment of Main Group A.D. 800-850
complex hierarchy
subsistence stress
characteristics of both