Test 3 Review
Chapter 11 Realms
central place
settlement systems
Trobriand Islands
Tonga
Olmec
political boundaries
rank-size rule
central place theory
political structure indicators
art
settlement hierarchy
large scale public works or coordinated events
burials
artifacts: specialization
features
centralized storage
political interaction
warfare
fortifications
settlement system
Oneota
burials
sudden changes
elite interactions
diplomacy
intermarriage and alliances
trade and commerce
control
identify traded items and sources
volume of trade
elite control of trade
Classic Maya politics
common Great Tradition
settlement system characteristics
art and epigraphy
building scale
Copán
political structure (see Chapter 3)
political extent
settlement system
stelae of Smoke Imix
architecture
Royal Compound
acropolis
northern Great Court
Altar Q
East Court
nonroyal elite residences
mostly erected after AD 700-800
"council house"
Type 3 & 4 sites
external relationships
inscriptions/epigraphy
patterns of exchange
Inca
ethnohistory
political structure
administration
territorial subdivisions
taxation system
administrative hierarchy
archaeology
Cuzco: capital and surroundings
population size
site size
architecture
outlying administrative centers
architectural styles
storage
agricultural intensification
conquest/expansion
effect on settlement systems
conclusions: great, highly centralized empire with an elaborate system
of administration, taxation, communication- a bureaucratic hierarchy
Chapter 12 The Spirit World: Religion and Ideology
ideology
explanations of religion
religion in traditional societies
embedded
explanation of natural phenomena
adaptive dimensions of religion
archaeological record
infer from physical remains
social behaviors and functions more than meaning
ritual beahvior
social consequences
sacred vs profane
enculturation
early Homo sapiens/archaic Humans
H. sapiens neanderthalensis
100,000-50,000 years ago
first material remains of rituals
early H. sapiens/modern humans
last 50,000 years
paintings and sculpture
"Venus" figurines
ethnographic analogs: egalitarian farming societies
Tsembaga
New Guinea Highlands
warfare incorporated into ritual cycle
archaeological residue?
Mesoamerica: evolving belief systems
belief system
Quétzacóatl
Tlaloc
Huitzilopochtli
Oxaca- Flannery
contexts
community
sodality
household
individual
San Jose Mogote
earliest evidence: 1400-1150 B.C.
community: public buildings
architecture
residue
none domestic
conch and turtle shell fragments
formalization of cult
development of specialized religious leaders beyond shaman
household, perhaps sodality
shrines in or close to house
images of dieties
incense
wall niches or altars
circular depressions in courtyards
finished with plaster and red and yellow paint
ceramic figurines
ceramic masks
bone of macaw wings: feathers?
individual
items used for bleeding
sharp fairly thin implements
obsidian blades
stingray spines
imitation stingray spines made of deer bone
early Preclassic: egalitarian
middle Preclassic
grades of instrument quality
more valuable (imported and rare) items only found in more affluent
neighborhoods
Maya Religion
regal-ritual centers
not vacant ceremonial centeers
occupied
with many secular functions
focussed on ancestor worship with inclusion of higher dieties
hierarchy of ancestrl spirits linked to each level of social organization
evidence of ancestor rituals
royal tombs and funerary temples
tombs in elite compounds
wall niches and offerings in residences
Teotihuán
landscape
Cerro Gordo: "Mother of Waters"- source of irrigation water
mountains
pyramids align with and mimic hills to north
caves
sacred: orifices of earth's body
Pyramid of the Sun built over cave
stone drain channels
evidence of rituals
springs, rivers, and waters
straightened river through Teotihuacán
flowed between Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent
(Quétzalcóatl)
Tenochitlan
Templo Mayor
twin temples to Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli
agriculture and military conquest and tribute
limits of interpretation
can reconstruct important aspects of belief systems but difficult to
address emotional and attitudinal bases
Chapter 13 Rise of Civilizations in the Old World
Mesopotamia
environmental setting
origins of agriculture
wheat, cattle, sheep, goats
agricultural settlements: 7000-6000 BC
settlements on Mesopotamian piedmont: 6000-5000 BC
Chiefdoms: 5500-5000 BC
Chronology
Ubaid Period 5300-3600 BC
Uruk & Jemdt Nasr Period 3600-2900 BC
Early Dynastic I-III Periods 2900-2350 BC
settlement, urbanization, & stratification
political centralization and stratification
cities
bevel-rimmed bowls
titles, kingship, & art
social stratification
great tradition
writing
architecture and art
economic specialization and trade
Sumer in 2400 BC
Egypt
environmental setting
origin of agriculture
wheat, cattle, sheep, and goats
chronology
Predynastic 4900-3100 BC
Archaic 3100-2600 BC
Old Kingdom 2600-2200 BC
political centralization and stratification
nomes
unification
first royal tombs
pyramids
inscriptions and statuses
settlement, urbanization, and agricultural intensification
Maadi
regal-ritual centers
great tradition
writing
art and architecture
ritual
specialization
trade
Old Kingdom
Harrapa (Indus Valley)
environmental setting
chronology
origins of agriculture
Mesopotamian cultigens and animals plus water buffalo and rice (at
some sites)
settlement, urbanization, and agricultural intensification
Mohenjo-Daro
Harrapa
cities/urban centers
great tradition
writing
art and architecture
economic specialization and trade
China
environmental setting
origin of agriculture
northern: millet, pigs, wheat, cattle, sheep, and goats
southern: rice
agricultural settlements: after 6000 BC
chronology
Lungshan Neolithic 3000-1700 BC
Shang Dynasty 1700-1100 BC
early Zhou Dynasty 1100-800 BC
settlement patterns and urbanization
agricultural intensification
political centralization
capitals and elite architecture
burials
Lungshan Neolithic cemeteries
Shang burials
writing and titles
artifacts
great tradition
writing: mainly divination, status symbols for ritual & royal purposes
ritual and art
economic specialization
Chapter 14: Rise of Civilization in the New World
Mesoamerica
environmental setting
chronology
PaleoIndian >7200 BC
Archaic 7200-2500 BC
Preclassic 2500 BC-AD 300
Classic AD 300-1519
origins of agriculture
bottle gourd: 7000 BC
maize: 5000 BC
sedentary communities: 2000-1000 BC
population spurt: 800 BC
Preclassic Olmecs 1200-400 BC
La Venta
San Lorenzo
Olmec sculptures
three-tiered settlement hierarchy
nonegalitarian: chiefdom or state
Teotihuacan
setting
settlement, urbanization, and agricultural intensification
political centralization
art & writing
architecture
political capital
great tradition
economic specialization and trade
Classic Maya
setting
chronology
Early Preclassic 2500-12500 BC
Middle Preclassic 1250-450 BC
Late Preclassic 450 BC-AD 300
Classic AD 300-900
Postclassic AD 900-1520
Early Preclassic
origin of agriculture
egalitarian
Middle Preclassic
Late Preclassic
population growth
hierarchical
warfare
trade and exchange
Classic
contemporary with Teotihuacan and Monte Alban
earliest dated monument: AD 292
stelae cult
settlement, urbanization, and agricultural intensification
political centralization and stratification
many independent Maya polities
rulers, titles, and inscriptions
hereditary rulers
retinue of titled individuals
art and architecture
warfare
stratification
segmental: socially, politically, and economically powerful
elite groups competing with royal dynasty
great tradition
economic specialization and trade
Central Andean Civilization
environmental setting
chronology
Preceramic 3000-1800 BC
Initial Period 1800-800 BC
Early Horizon 800 BC-AD 1
Early Intermediate AD 1-600
Middle Horizon AD 600-1000
Late Intermediate AD 1000-1476
Late Horizon AD 1476-1532
origins of agriculture
maize beans, squash
camelids
manioc
potatoes
Preceramic
foraging and fishing
coastal
Initial Period
Early Horizon
Early Intermediate
Middle Horizon
Tiahuanaca
Huari
militarism
settlement patterns and urbanization
agricultural intensification
irrigation
terracing
drained fields
political centralization
stratification
great tradition
trade
specialization
Late Intermediate
Late Horizon
Chapter 15 The Fall of Civilizations: Another Lesson from Copan
collapse of Classic Maya
Postclassic Maya
sociopolitical system
Yucatan
Cortes
abandonment of Maya heartland
explanations
elite-collapse explanations
peasant revolt
foreign invasion
disruption of trade networks
internal warfare
total-system collapse explanations
nonecological causes
trade disruption
prophecy
ecological explanations
catastrophic ecological explanations
earthquakes
volcanic activity
climate change
epidemic disease
long-term ecological explanations
grass invasion
degradation of soils through overuse
extensive slash-and-burn viable
intensification disastrous
Copan
traditional view
reign of Yax Pac ended abruptly about AD 800
subroyal elites disappeared rapidly
rapid population decline with valley almost completely empty by
AD 850-900
art, writing, and architecture
unfinished altar: AD 820
most building precedes Yax Pac
Yax Pac adopted new symbols
nobles increased building after AD 750
elaborate sculpture, carved benches, and altars
settlement, population, and carrying capacity
AD 600-800: population increased to 27,000
carrying capacity= 22,000
palynology
natural forest starts growing back about AD 1200
climate quite stable
dating
population slowly declined to AD 1200
neither a demographic or political collapse
burials
earlier burials healthier
8th century: physiological stress, probably poor nutrition
experimental archaeology
even largest construction required less time and labor than previously
thought
low proportion of nonfood producers to food producers so only need
a small surplus
elite demands on labor and time not tax population unless when population
pressure taxing resources and resulting in declining nutrition and in disease
Copan collapse
partial system failure
royal elite failed but other elite groups survived
total system collapse gradual
no evidence for collapse of essential trade network or ideological
fatigue
no evidence of catastrophes
evidence of massive landscape clearance and degradation
poor health after AD 750- suggests decline in quality and quantity
of food
synthetic theory
agricultural degradation due to overpopulation: disease, fragile political
system, and possibly overthrow of king by AD 822
resulted by AD 1200 valley virtually empty and region abandoned: demographic
collapse
Chapter 16 Explanation and Archaeology
population explanations
Malthus
Boserup
population growth arguments
management explanations
hydraulic theory
Witfogel
oriental despotism
warfare explanations
exchange and trade explanations
technological explanations
information systems explanations
superstructural explanations
prime movers
multiple factors/multivariable
systems-ecological explanatory models
multivariant models
Redman's Mesopotamian model
Rathje's Maya model
Robert McC. Adams
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