Chapter 9 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 US-Spanish relations prior to the war included A Cuban Revolution under Maximo Gomez began in 1895. Spanish General Wetler's "Reconcentration" Policy worked militarily but was a public relations disaster especially due to the "Yellow Journalism" in the US. US investments in Cuba included sugar & iron ore mines. The US Navy BB "Maine" was blown up in Havana Harbor & US gave Spain an ultimatum for Cuban independence which Spain rejected & declared war on the US. All of the answers are correct. 2 President McKinley as Commander-in-Chief McKinley was a strong C-in-C who controlled diplomacy & strategy in the White House War Room. The war strategy was to attack Spain's colonies not the homeland itself. McKinley served as the liaison between the US Army & US Navy. All of the answers are correct. 3 Spain's position at the outset of the war included all EXCEPT Spain was poorly prepared for war with 150,000 regulars in Cuba, 8,000 in Puerto Rico, & 20,000 in the Philippines but they suffered from tropical diseases. The Spanish Army was ready to launch an invasion of the US from Cuba. The Spain Navy had three fleets: Cervera at the Cape Verde Islands which was to go to the Caribbean, Montajo in the Philippines, & Camara in Spain. 4 The US Navy mobilization included all of the following EXCEPT LT William Kimball had prepared a war plan in 1895 that stressed control of the sea with the main attacks around Cuba & the Philippines & Puerto Rico being secondary. The US Navy deployed five squadrons: Asiatic Squadron under Dewey to Hong Kong, Northern Patrol Squadron off Maine to the Delaware Capes, a Flying Squadron under Schley at Hampton Roads, the Atlantic Squadron under Sampson at Key West, and an auxiliary naval force to protect our ports. The US Pacific Fleet deployed its submarines off the Philippines. 5 The US Army mobilization included The initial mobilization was chaotic lacking money & the assumption only 100,000 men were needed. There was bill to call up National Guardsmen based on state quotas & McKinley appointed generals & staff officers but state governors appointed lesser officers. The mobilized National Guardsmen overwhelmed the Army's supply capacity where Quartermaster, Ordnance, & Commissary Bureaus were geared to supply a small peacetime army. All of the answers are correct. 6 Commodore George Dewey at Manila Bay in 1898 Dewey used his friendship with Sen. Redfield Proctor of VT & ASST SECNAV Theodore Roosevelt to get command of the Asiatic Squadron. TR sent Dewey to Hong Kong to await news of the outbreak of war. Dewey sailed into Manila Bay, through a minefield, on May 1 & destroyed Montajo's fleet anchored at Cavite. Spanish seapower in the Pacific was destroyed in one morning. All of the answers are correct. 7 The US Navy in the Caribbean included ADM Cervera left the Cape Verde Islands & slipped through the Sampson's US blockade to get to Santiago. Guarded by forest& minefields Cervera seemed safe. Sampson sent a collier to block the harbor entrance but failed, although US Marines did seize Guantanamo for use as a coaling station. Sampson needed the US Army to invade Cuba & force Cervera out of Santiago Harbor into the US guns. All of the answers are correct. 8 US Army plans for the Cuban Campaign included The initial idea was to supply the Cuban rebels with weapons & launch a brief reconnaissance on the south side of Cuba but it was canceled. The second idea was to attack Havana on the north coast with 50,000 men but it too was canceled The US Navy requested Shafter attack the south coast near Santiago to force Cervera's fleet out of Santiago harbor. All of the answers are correct. 9 The US Army operations in the Cuban Campaign included Shafter landed at Daiquii but sweltering heat, poor rations, wool uniforms, and inadequate small boats for landing all plagued the US invasion. Joe Wheeler & 1000 men engaged the Spanish at Guasmas & opened the road. Shafter attacked El Caney & San Juan Heights successfully but at the cost of 1,385 casualties. The naval battle that destroyed Cervera's fleet convinced Toral to surrender Santiago. All of the answers are correct. 10 The US Navy battle at Santiago included ADM Cervera was ordered to sortie which he did on a Sunday morning to catch the US Navy unaware. Cervera broke from the harbor & turned to starboard to try to outrun the US Navy to Mexico. The US Navy recovered quickly & sunk all the ships in Cervera's fleet. An argument developed between Sampson & Schley as to was in actual command of the fleet at the time of the battle & who should get the credit. All of the answers are correct. 11 The Puerto Rico Campaign included MG Nelson Miles, the US Army Commanding General, wanted to attack Puerto Rico. Miles launched a four column offensive against San Juan on August 9. The Spanish surrendered and the total US casualties were 41. All of the answers are correct. 12 The US Army in the Philippines included MG Wesley Merritt commanded 20,000 men in the VIII Corps which were transported from San Francisco to Manila & captured Guam on the way. Emilio Aguinaldo had started a revolt in the Philippines in 1896 & at first saw the US as allies but became suspicious the US might want to annex the Philippines. After a sham battle of Manila, the Spanish surrendered to the US. All of the answers are correct. 13 In the Treaty of Paris all of the followed occurred EXCEPT The US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines. Cuban became independent but the US added the Platt Amendment which gave the US the right to invade Cuba under certain circumstances. The US acquired the Cape Verde islands as well. 14 The Army scandals during the Spanish-American War included There were medical disasters in Cuba due to poor food & tropical diseases. The men were brought home to Montauck Point but there were inadequate medical personnel & transportation there too. The Dodge Commission investigated & exonerated the War Department of charges of stupidity, ignorance & corruption. SECWAR Alger resigned as a scapegoat. All of the answers are correct. 15 The campaign in the Philippines in 1899 continued with MG Otis convinced the Insurgents to withdraw to the suburbs of Manila but fighting began with the US in February 1899. Otis attacked north & east from Manila. Aguinaldo preferred guerrilla warfare & the rainy seasons halted any US offensives. Congress authorized a Regular Army of 65,000 men & 35,000 volunteers for the emergency. All of the answers are correct. 16 The volunteers in the Philippines encountered all of the following EXCEPT Aguinaldo initially tried to fight using conventional tactics but the US Army shattered his army on the open plains. The US Army tried to get the Philippine population's cooperation with roads, education, public health, railroads, telegraph & telephone. The Insurrectionists immediately agreed to end their struggle. 17 The guerrilla warfare in the Philippines included The fighting was done by small parties of soldiers using sabotage, sniping, & torture. MG Arthur MacArthur issued general Orders No. 1000 under which the guerrillas received little mercy. MacArthur's stiffer policy & the capture of Aguinaldo stopped the revolt. BG Jacob Smith burned villages & crops & led 300,000 civilians into concentration zones. All of the answers are correct., 18 The conquest of the Philippines included all of the following EXCEPT It was a combination of strong military force & wise political action that led to victory. There was a military defeat of the guerrillas. The political action included integrating revolutionary leadership into the civilian government of the Philippines. Aguinaldo became the President of the Philippines.

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