HIST 2312 Unit I: Towards the Enlightenment
Overview: In the 17th century, Europe developed two vastly different systems of government: one was a constitutional monarchy in England and the other was absolutism in France. These two countries then struggled for control of Europe, a struggle which ended when Britain won the Seven Years War. Not only was absolutism dealt a fatal blow by this British victory, but furthermore, new ideas, collectively known as the Enlightenment, began to challenge the authoritarian basis of absolutism. The result would be the French revolution.
From Baroque Architecture
From Scientific Revolution
From Europeanizing Russia
From 18th century city
Information needed to accomplish these objectives will be found in class lectures and the online textbook.
HIST 2312 Unit I: Towards the Enlightenment
Glorious Revolution
I Background
A. Elizabeth succeeded by James
1. debt
2. New commons
3. high church
4. new foreign policy
II Charles I (1625-49)
A. absolute power
B. troubles with Parliament
1. 1628 Petition of
Rights
2. ruled without
Parliament
3. feudal taxes
4. war with Scotland
C. Oliver Cromwell
D. long Parliament
III Commonwealth
A. House of Lords/ monarchy
B. Protectorate
C. difficulties as Lord Protector
1. intolerant
2. Ireland
3. budget
4. chaos
IV Restoration (1660-88)
A. Charles II
B. religious conformity
C. powers of King
V Glorious Revolution 1688
A. Problems with James II (1665-88)
1. Catholic
2. parliament
3. heir
4. William of Orange and
Mary
B. Bill of rights
C. impact
VI British Prosperity
A. navy
B. new colonies
C. Bank of England
D. inflation
Struggle for the Control of Europe
I Introduction
II Louis XIV of France
A. divine right of Kings
B. domesticated nobility
1. travel
2. waste money and time
3. Versailles
4. imitated throughout
Europe
C. Colbert and Mercantilism
1. economy and the state,
profit secondary
2. favorable balance of
trade
3. tariffs
4. powerful merchant
marine
5. colonies
D. Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes 1685
E. improved army
F. War of Spanish Succession
(1701-13)
1. Hapsburg Austria
against Bourbon France
2. role of Britain
3. why France lost
4. Churchill
5. Treaty of Utrecht
1713
a. provisions
6. Like other European
treaties
G. Evaluation of his reign
III England attempts to neutralize France
A. subsidizes allies
B. destroy French commerce
C. France land power
D. France divided energies
IV Seven Years War (1756-63)
A. new alliances
B. war strategy
C. England wins Canada and
India
D. Spain and France beaten
decisively
The Enlightenment
I Enlightenment
A. age of reason
B. science/ secular orientation
C. optimism
D. man's improvability
E. restrain emotion
F. Deism
II Scientific revolution
A. why possible
1. political changes
2. prestige
3. wealth from commerce
4. no fear of supernatural
5. geographical
discoveries
B. inventions
1. new instruments
2. math
3. calculus
4.. Scientific societies
C. Newton
III Implication of the scientific revolution
A. universe can be controlled
B. universe a machine
C. laws and governments
D. contract between King and
people
E. reasonable behavior
IV Voltaire
A. happiness
B. attacked church
C. benevolent despot
D. revolutionary implications
V. Intellectual life
A. cosmopolitan
B. travel
C. salons
D. increasing literacy
Social Life in the Enlightenment
I. Marriage
A. married late
B. premarital sex
C. contraception
D. as 18th century progresses,
people married earlier
E. explosion of illegitimacy
II Women and Children
A. deaths in infancy
B. breast feeding
C. wet nurse
D. infanticide
E. abandonment
III Medicine
A. prescriptions
B. anesthesia
C. antiseptics
D. blood letting
D. small pox
IV Diet and Nutrition
A. prevention
B. bread as staple
C. vegetables
D. meat and eggs
E. diet of rich
F. Vegetables
G. drunkenness
H. dietary evaluation
V Agriculture
A. cereal products
B. fodder
C. Tull
D. farm machinery
VI Population explosion
A. scientific agriculture
B. decreased mortality
C. Bubonic plague
D. transport
E. new foods
F. results
Assault on Absolutism
I Middle class discontent
A. State controlled economy
B. lack of political power.
C. high taxes
D. responded to physiocrats
II Physiocrats
A. challenge to absolutism
B. money should circulate
C. laissez faire
D. destroying trade
E. Adam Smith
III Philosophes
A. human rights
B. natural law
C. efficient national
governments
D. reform
IV American revolution
A. result of Seven Years War
B. taxation
C. self-government
D. Glorious Revolution
E. successful
HIST 2312 Unit II: Revolution
Overview: In the 18th century, two revolutions occurred which profoundly changed the course of history. One was the French Revolution which showed that the people could determine their own form of government, but while the French knew what they did not want, absolutism, they struggled through five governments to determine what they did want. The other revolution was the industrial revolution that changed forever the nature of the work place and stretched the social fabric of Europe to the breaking point. While the Industrial Revolution began earlier in England and later on the continent, it was the English landed aristocracy which began to reform its worst abuses. Such humanitarian reform, however, would be challenged by those like Marx who claimed it did not go far enough.
Following the end of the Napoleonic wars, Europe fell under the influence of reactionaries who attempted to turn the clock back to before the French revolution began. This settlement, however, was weakened when Britain withdrew to pursue her own diplomatic and domestic policies. Moreover, the settlement could not survive because, influenced by romanticism and nationalism, Europe was swept by revolution in 1848. These revolutions of 1848 all failed, because the liberals who led them were concerned only with political, not social, reform, but in the process, the middle class came to fear lower class violence.
1. Describe conditions in France that led to the French revolution.
2. Identify the taxes crushing French peasants and explain why they were a problem.
3. Explain how the French acquired their crushing debt and why they could not pay it back.
4. Explain what the Tennis Court Oath was and what resulted.
5. Explain what the attack on the Bastille was and show its results.
6. Identify the changes that took place in the Moderate Revolution.
7. Explain what the assignats were and what resulted from their issue.
8. Discuss what happened with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
9. Show why the Moderate Revolution failed.
10. Identify the program of the radical Jacobins.
11. Explain why the Reign of Terror began and how others reacted to it, and identify its chief victims.
12. Discuss the Thermidorian Reaction.
13. Identify Napoleon's reforms.
15. Show why Napoleon fell from power.
16. Show why Britain led the Industrial Revolution.
17. Identify the defects in the cottage system that led to the industrial revolution in textiles.
18. Show how the Industrial Revolution dealt with the problems in the textile industry.
19. Describe the improvements in transportation that helped the industrial revolution.
20. Explain why the industrial revolution was delayed on the continent.
21. Show the results of the industrial revolution.
22. Describe the middle class economic and worldview in the early 19th century.
23. Explain why the land-owning aristocracy pursued reform.
24. Describe early developments in regulating child labor.
25. Describe the life of the industrial worker.
26. Describe the views of Karl Marx.
27. Show how the Congress of Vienna reflected Metternich’s views.
28. Describe the problems of concert diplomacy and show how and why Britain backed away from concert diplomacy.
29. Show how and why the 1830 revolution in France challenged the Congress of Vienna system.
30. Describe how the Reform Bill of 1832 became law in Britain and what it did.
31. Explain why Europe exploded in revolution in 1848.
32. Describe the progress of the revolution of 1848 in France and show its results.
33. Describe the progress of the revolution of 1848 in Germany and show its results.
34. Show why the revolutions of 1848 failed.
From Napoleonic Fashion.
1. Give examples of Napoleon’s use of Roman models.
From Irish Potato Famine
1. Explain why the Irish adopted potato farming and what problems resulted.
2. Explain why people starved in the famine.
3. Discuss where the Irish emigrated to and what resulted.
Forming the Dual Monarchy
1. Identify the Ausgliech and account for its implementation.
2. Show the problems of the Dual monarchy.
HIST 2312 Unit II: Revolution
Overview: In the 18th century, two revolutions occurred which profoundly changed the course of history. One was the French Revolution which showed that the people could determine their own form of government, but while the French knew what they did not want, absolutism, they struggled through five governments to determine what they did want. The other revolution was the industrial revolution that changed forever the nature of the work place and stretched the social fabric of Europe to the breaking point. While the Industrial Revolution began earlier in England and later on the continent, it was the English landed aristocracy which began to reform its worst abuses. Such humanitarian reform, however, would be challenged by those like Marx who claimed it did not go far enough.
Following the end of the Napoleonic wars, Europe fell under the influence of reactionaries who attempted to turn the clock back to before the French revolution began. This settlement, however, was weakened when Britain withdrew to pursue her own diplomatic and domestic policies. Moreover, the settlement could not survive because, influenced by romanticism and nationalism, Europe was swept by revolution in 1848. These revolutions of 1848 all failed, because the liberals who led them were concerned only with political, not social, reform, but in the process, the middle class came to fear lower class violence.
1. Describe conditions in France that led to the French revolution.
2. Identify the taxes crushing French peasants and explain why they were a problem.
3. Explain how the French acquired their crushing debt and why they could not pay it back.
4. Explain what the Tennis Court Oath was and what resulted.
5. Explain what the attack on the Bastille was and show its results.
6. Identify the changes that took place in the Moderate Revolution.
7. Explain what the assignats were and what resulted from their issue.
8. Discuss what happened with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
9. Show why the Moderate Revolution failed.
10. Identify the program of the radical Jacobins.
11. Explain why the Reign of Terror began and how others reacted to it, and identify its chief victims.
12. Discuss the Thermidorian Reaction.
13. Identify Napoleon's reforms.
15. Show why Napoleon fell from power.
16. Show why Britain led the Industrial Revolution.
17. Identify the defects in the cottage system that led to the industrial revolution in textiles.
18. Show how the Industrial Revolution dealt with the problems in the textile industry.
19. Describe the improvements in transportation that helped the industrial revolution.
20. Explain why the industrial revolution was delayed on the continent.
21. Show the results of the industrial revolution.
22. Describe the middle class economic and worldview in the early 19th century.
23. Explain why the land-owning aristocracy pursued reform.
24. Describe early developments in regulating child labor.
25. Describe the life of the industrial worker.
26. Describe the views of Karl Marx.
27. Show how the Congress of Vienna reflected Metternich’s views.
28. Describe the problems of concert diplomacy and show how and why Britain backed away from concert diplomacy.
29. Show how and why the 1830 revolution in France challenged the Congress of Vienna system.
30. Describe how the Reform Bill of 1832 became law in Britain and what it did.
31. Explain why Europe exploded in revolution in 1848.
32. Describe the progress of the revolution of 1848 in France and show its results.
33. Describe the progress of the revolution of 1848 in Germany and show its results.
34. Show why the revolutions of 1848 failed.
From Napoleonic Fashion.
1. Give examples of Napoleon’s use of Roman models.
From Irish Potato Famine
1. Explain why the Irish adopted potato farming and what problems resulted.
2. Explain why people starved in the famine.
3. Discuss where the Irish emigrated to and what resulted.
Forming the Dual Monarchy
1. Identify the Ausgliech and account for its implementation.
2. Show the problems of the Dual monarchy.
Verdi
1. Identify the significance of Nabucco.
2. Describe Verdi’s role in writing the Italian national anthem.
Information needed to accomplish these objectives will be found in class lectures and the online textbook.
HIST 2312 Unit II: Revolution
French Revolution and its effects
I. Introduction
II Conditions in France
A. privileged groups
B. peasants
C. middle class
D. offices
E. comparison with rest of Europe
III Financial crisis
A. debt
B. American revolution
C. size
D. payback
E. paper money
F. Estates General
IV Moderate (Bourgeois) stage of French revolution
A. Third Estate outvoted and Tennis Court Oath-National Assembly
B. poverty extreme
C. Declaration of Rights of Man
D. King to live in Paris
E. National Assembly passes laws
F. Secularization of the church
G. constitutional monarchy
V Failure of Bourgeois revolution
A. not enough for peasants
B. royal debt
C. undermined by King
D. Civil Constitution of the
clergy condemned
E. factionalism
F. invaded by Austria and Prussia
VI. Radical period 1793-95
A. rhetoric
B. Paris commune, 1792 Danton
C. September massacres
D. National Convention
E. executed King
F. Republic
G. reign of terror-Vendee
H. major social and economic
changes
VII Thermidorian Reaction 1795-99
A. reaction against brutality of reign of terror
B. led by middle class/ army
C. Directory formed
D. solved economic problems
E. consulate
VIII Napoleon's Reforms
A. prefects
B. peace with Catholics
C. expropriated land
D. meritocracy
E. Civil Code
F. Bank of France
IX Napoleon falls from power
A. British seapower
B. Trafalgar
C. continental system
D. undid revolution
E. nationalism
X Russian invasion
Industrial Revolution
I. Definition
II. Textile industrial revolution
A. began in England
1. vast market
2. surplus capital
3. no war
4. fleet
5. simple items
6. socially mobile
7. internal improvements
B. replaces cottage system
1. imbalance
2. relations between
workers and employers
3. work in spurts
C. cotton cloth
D. expensive machinery
E. cotton gin
F. steam engine
III. Improved support systems
A. iron
B. transportation
C. water transport
D. railroads
E. clippers vs. steamships
F. agricultural improvements
IV. Industrial revolution on continent
A. delayed
1. transport
2. raw materials
3. investment
4. wars
B. government role
V. Consequences
A. cotton cheaper
B. factories
C. foreign trade
D. new markets-imperialism
E. larger population
F. more city dwellers
Early reforms of the Industrial Revolution
I Middle class economic theory
A. capitalism
B. corporations
C. laissez faire
D. little regulation
E. Malthus' theories
F. poverty result of vice
1. Ireland
II Reforming the industrial revolution
A. landowning aristocracy
1. curtail power of wealthy middle class
2. Christianity
3. sentimental view
4. humanitarianism
B. reforms of children's labor
C. Factory Act of 1833
D. limited children's work in
mines
E. labor unions legalized
III Critics of humanitarian reform
A. laws not enough
B. Utopian Socialism
C. Christian socialism
D. Karl Marx
1. economic determinism
2. class struggle
3. classless society
4. socialism inevitable
5. uninterested in reform
Challenge to the Congress of Vienna
I Congress of Vienna 1815
A. Disposition of post-war Europe/Metternich
B. legitimate rulers
C. surround France
D. ignored national aspirations
E. Quintuple alliance
II Support for return of Old Guard
A. kept peace
B. rulers and church support system
C. large landowners
D. repressed reform movement
III Challenge to Congress system
A. Britain and Monroe Doctrine
B. Greece
IV 1830 July revolution in France
A. Louis XVIII and Charles X
B. republic vs. constitutional monarchy
C. Louis Philippe
D. Socially conservative/ not provided for in Congress system
V Reform Bill of 1832
A. previous reactionary policy
B. Why in England
C. previous reforms, but not Of voting rights
1. rotten boroughs and pocket boroughs
2. industrial centers not represented
D. passage through House of Lords
E. did not enfranchise workers/ industrial north’s representationincreased.
F. Ireland
VI Revolutions of 1848, Why?
A. food shortages
B. depression
C. political liberals
D. only political, not social, reform
E. Many examples
VI Revolution of 1848 in France
A. Louis Philippe's mistakes
B. Parisians rebel
C. June days produce reaction--Louis Napoleon
D. second republic/emperor
VII Revolution of 1848 in Germany
A. inspired by France
B. Frankfort Assembly
C. What is Germany
D. Conservative reaction led by Frederich Wilhelm
E. fear of Austria and Russia
VIII 1848 Revolutions mostly failed
A. inexperience
B. factionalism
C. class consciousness
D. Britain develops evolutionary path to reform
HIST 2312 Unit III: From Romanticism to World War I
Overview: Following the catastrophe of 1848, Italy and Germany were united by monarchs whose ministers, Cavour and Bismarck, were coldblooded realists. This new realism can be seen elsewhere in literature, in the development of Darwin's evolution theory, in painting, and in architecture. But while western Europe lurched toward more social justice for the victims of the industrial revolution, Russia turned away from reform, setting herself on a course for the Russian revolutions of 1917. Worse, the 1815 settlement could not endure with the creation of a powerful Germany capable of dominating Europe, and her attempt to revise that settlement produced World War I.
From 1875 onwards, as the second industrial revolution created a need for raw materials that could not be found in Europe, the European powers engaged in imperialism to seize colonies from which to obtain such basic items as petroleum and rubber. Encouraged by quick, easy wars against underdeveloped nations, however, Europeans were more ready to fight on the continent. Worse, Britain and Germany entered first into an economic and then a military rivalry with one another. Britain overcame her tradition of "splendid isolation" to sign alliances with France and Russia to hem Germany in, an alliance which provoked Germany into finding an ally in Austria Hungary. These two giant alliance systems, designed to keep Europe out of war by a careful balance of power, snapped into place over a minor incident in the Balkans which the great powers mismanaged, and World War I began. Moreover, so evenly balanced were the opposing alliances, that only the entry of the United States tipped the scales in favor of Britain and France. The victors imposed a harsh peace on Germany, one which eventually Hitler would renege on, calling forth World War II.
1. Be able to describe how Italian unification was achieved.
2. Identify the problems facing the new unified Italian state.
3. Explain why Prussia led the drive for German unification.
4. Describe briefly the steps by which Germany was unified under the kaiser.
5. Identify the Kulturkampf and explain why it occurred and why it stopped.
6. Explain why Bismarck feared the socialists and what he did about it.
7. Identify the problems facing the new unified German state.
8. Describe the Great Reforms of Alexander II and show their success.
9. Show the views of Alexander III and Nicholas II.
10. Tell why Bloody Sunday occurred and what resulted from it.
11. Explain how the Reform Bill of 1867 became law and what resulted from it.
12. Explain why the Third Republic in France was formed and what early troubles beset it.
13. Discuss the significance of the Dreyfus affair.
14. Assess the significance of Darwin's theories
15. Discuss modern refinements of Darwin's theories.
16. Show how art was influenced by realism and science.
17. Show how architecture developed away from forms derived from earlier historical periods to a functional architecture based on the products of the industrial revolution.
18. Explain why western European countries increasingly favored imperialism after 1870.
19. Explain why there was a British-Russian rivalry worldwide and why it was momentarily resolved.
20. Characterize the European advance into Africa.
21. Evaluate imperialism.
22. Characterize developments in industry known as the Second Industrial Revolution and why underdeveloped countries could not duplicate the Second Industrial Revolution.
23. Show how Britain was menaced by German economic rivalry.
24. Contrast the economies of Britain and Germany.
25. Show how Kaiser Wilhelm II changed German foreign policy and what resulted from these changes.
26. Show how Britain reacted to Germany's new policies.
27. Tell what the Balkan problem was and how it led to World War I.
28. Describe the von Schlieffen plan and show its significance.
29. Discuss the role of the British navy in the outbreak and conduct of World War I.
30. Characterize the fighting in World War I.
31. Explain the role of submarines in World War I.
32. Describe how World War I affected civilian populations.
33. Identify the main points of the 14 Points and evaluate them.
34. Describe Henry Cabot Lodge’s objections to the League Covenant.
35. Identify the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and show how they paved
the way for World War II.
From Inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution
From Underground City
From Vienna
From Ataturk
Information needed to accomplish these objectives will be found in class lectures and the online textbook.
HIST 2312 Unit III: From Romanticism to World War I
National Hegemony in Italy and Germany
I. Background
II. Unification of Italy
A. Victor Emanuel II, Piedmont
B. Cavour and Napoleon III
C. problems with French
D. central Italy
E. Garibaldi
III. Problems in unified Italy
A. Venetia and Rome
B. industrial north and agrarian South
C. pope
D. illiteracy/ limited franchise
E. squandered money
IV. Unification of Germany
A. Why under Prussia
1. Academics
2. Zollverein
3. Prussian government
4. army
B. Bismarck
C. Franco-Prussian war 1870
D. southern Germany joins
E. Kaiser leads empire
V. Bismarck's drive against the socialists
A. Black Menace
B. feared their demands
C. swiped their program
D. social democrats grow in size
VI. Problems with German unification
A. emphasis on war
B. social democrats increase in size
C. money spent for war
D. no tradition of parliamentary democracy
Autocracy in 19th century Russia vs. liberalism in Britain and France
I. Nicholas I
A. repressive-Decembist revolt
B. Herzen and Bakunin
C. pro-western and anti-western forces
D. Crimean war
II. Alexander II
A. Great Reforms
B. Emancipation of Serfs
C. no peasant landlords
D. did not satisfy liberals
III Alexander III
A. total reactionary
B. Nicholas II
C. Russification
D. westernization
IV Bloody Sunday 1905
A. Nicholas uncompromising
B. Bolsheviks
C. Russo-Japanese war
1904-5
D. October manifesto
E. revolution avoided why?
F. Mensheviks
V Liberalism in Britain
A. repeal of Corn laws
B. improved living conditions
C. Disraeli's reform bill of 1867
D. Gladstone
E. Ireland
F. new social legislation
G. strikes
VI Third Republic in France
A. Napoleon III removed
B. Paris and Commune
C. Karl Marx
D. Third Republic
E. Unstable
F. Dreyfus case
G. wave of strikes
From Romanticism to Realism
I Abandonment of Romanticism
A. Disraeli
B. Bismarck
II. Significance of Charles Darwin
A. dissatisfaction
B. evolution
C. mechanism
D. scientific explanation
E. new information on heredity
F. Social Darwinism
III. Modern Refinements of Darwin
A. punctuational mode
B. fossil record
C. new species develop in isolation--Lake Nabugabo
D. isolation need not be complete
E. mutant controlling genes--axolotl
IV Realism and Science in Art
A. Courbet--realist
B. impressionism--Renoir
1. scientific discoveries about light
C. Rodin-sculptor- Freud's body language
D. Cezanne and post-impressionism
V. Developments in architecture
A. disguised industrial products
B. Chicago fire
C. piercing non-load bearing walls
D. form follows function
E. simplification F.L. Wright
F. Gropius and Bauhaus
Second Industrial Revolution and its Effects
I. Introduction
II Characteristics
A. New energy sources
B. new materials
C. mass production on moving assembly lines
D. consumer orientation
E. interchangeable parts
F. ghost acreage
III Role of Britain
A. foreign competition
B. invisible exports
C. Percentage of market declining
D. Pax Britannica
IV Relation between Britain and Germany in economics
A. Germany 60% output of Britain
B. Britain's older plant
C. Mills smaller
D. German state aids industry
E. Alsace /Lorraine
F. Growth rate
G. Foreign markets necessary
V. Socialism splits
A. exploitation
B. terrorists like Lenin welcomed by Marx
C. Christian socialists condemned by Marx
D. syndicalism in France
E. Violence
Rise of Imperialism
I. Introduction
II Why after 1870?
A. stung by loss of colonies
B. raw materials
C. Huge profits
D. overpopulation
E. easier to do
F. diverts attention from domestic class conflict
III British Russian rivalry
A. Russian influence in eastern Mediterranean
B. Crimean War 1853-6
C. rivalry over Balkans
1. Russian rivalry with Austria Hungary
D. British-Russian rivalry in Red Sea and Persian Gulf
E. British strengthen India
IV Africa
A. Play out imperial schemes
B. increase European-held land
C. economic goldmine
E. Divisions in Africa
E. Indian and Syrian merchants
V Evaluation of Imperialism
A. peace
B. economies advanced
C. expropriation of land
D. failed to train indigenous populations
E. destruction of cultural patterns
F. Pax Britannica
Background to World War I
I Changes under Kaiser Wilhelm II
A. Bismarck and war
B. dismisses Bismarck
C. ill will with Russia
D. France and Russia
E. place in the sun
II Reaction of Britain
A. conciliation with Germany
B. sees German threat
1. German navy
C. Japan
D. Entente Cordial
E. Russia
III Balkan problem
A. Serbia allied with Russia
1. pan-slavism
B. 1908 Austria annexes part of Balkans
D. Serbs want Turkey out
D. Fear of greater Serbia movement
IV. Assassination
A. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
B. crush Serbia
C. harsh ultimatum
D. Russian mobilization
E. Belgium
V Reflections on outbreak of war
World War I
I Balance of power on continent
A. Germany threatens balance of power
B. Britain prefers weak Turkey
C. mid-East oil and India
II Role of British navy
A. Britain and her allies have more men
B. German navy bottled up
C. German stockpiles
D. Keeps British economy sound
E. keeps colonies
III Characteristics of WW I
A. not war of movement
B. trench warfare
C. Enormous losses for little gain
D. Propaganda
E. kills of aristocracy
F. new types of warfare
G. German supplies dwindling
IV U.S. entry
A. neutral
B. economic trap mirror of national security
C. National security threatened
D. Wilson increases definition of neutrality
E. Great Crusade
V War
A. Treaty of Brest Litovsk
B. American arrival
C. tanks
D. Weimar Republic
1. allied troops do not
enter Germany
VI Social impact of war
Treaty of Versailles
I. Fourteen Points
A. Put forth before war over
B. Open Covenants
C. Freedom of seas
D. popular determinism
E. league of Nations
II Peace Conference personalities
A. Lloyd George
B. Clemenceau
C. Wilson
D. secret treaties
III League Covenant
A. collective security
B. Article X
C. Economic sanctions
D. How would U.S. enter
E. failure to ratify
IV Provisions
A. Germany dismembered
B. Demilitarized zone
C. Polish corridor
D. colonies
E. reparations
F. German army
HIST 2312 Unit IV: World War II and the Cold War
Overview: A sick world economy, partly caused by World War I, became by the early thirties the Great Depression which challenged democratic leadership worldwide. The war had already brought forth the Russian revolution of 1917, led by Lenin. Lenin's flexibility allowed the Bolsheviks to survive, but with his death, Stalin seized control of the Soviet Union and imposed rigid communist ideas. Elsewhere, fascists like Mussolini and Hitler came to power legally as the economy turned sour. The more dangerous of the two was Hitler who, in 1935, reneged on the Treaty of Versailles, put Germany back together again as she had been on the eve of World War I, and demonstrated conclusively how dangerous a united Germany could be. By 1941, a marriage of convenience was formed between Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, an alliance which could not survive World War II, and whose collapse led to the Cold War.
As the wartime western alliance broke up, a Cold War set in between the United States and the Soviet Union, as Americans adopted the British role of containing Russia. The Soviets underwent another crisis of succession when Stalin died, ushering in a period of instability during which Khrushchev tried to reform Stalinist practices while still catering to hardliners, thus creating schizophrenic domestic and foreign policies. The instability of the Soviet-American rivalry grew more intense in the 1950's, and threatened to explode in the Cuban missile crisis. In this hostile universe, both eastern and western Europe struggled to recover from World War II, and both experimented with economic systems of which their allied superpowers disapproved. Moreover, economically exhausted after the war, western Europeans abandoned imperialism, and, under the leadership of France, began to adopt a foreign policy more independent of the United States.
1. Identify the economic problems caused by World War I.
2. Explain how the invasion of the Ruhr influenced Germany and France.
3. Show how the world economy was basically unhealthy in the 1920s.
4. Explain how and why the Bolsheviks fought for survival.
5. Show how Americans and their allies reacted to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
6. Describe Lenin's views.
7. Explain why war socialism failed and what Lenin did about it.
8. Describe Stalin's thought.
9. Describe Stalin's economic program.
10. Describe why Stalin collectivized Russian agriculture and what resulted.
11. Identify the problems in post-war Italy that helped bring Mussolini to power.
12. Identify the problems facing the Weimar Republic in Germany.
13. Describe Hitler’s rise to power.
14. Discuss Hitler’s anti-Semitism and how it differed from such anti-Semitism in the past and
how it influenced the Holocaust.
15. Show how the depression affected Britain and France.
16. Explain why the Spanish Civil War occurred, how the Axis was involved, and how it ended.
17. Discuss how Hitler tried to create a Greater Germany.
18. Identify what made the German-Soviet non-Aggression Pact so problematic.
19. Explain why the Soviet Union entered the war against Germany and how Germany
conducted itself on the eastern front.
20. Describe briefly the end of the Axis powers.
21. Show how and why the World War II western alliance broke up.
22. Show how the Soviet Union pursued traditional Russian goals.
23. Show how and when the Cold War became public.
24. Show why the Berlin airlift occurred and evaluate its success.
25. Account for Khrushchev's rise to power and show how he maintained his position.
26. Describe the 1956 Hungarian crisis.
27. Show why there was a Suez crisis in 1956, and show how and why it was resolved.
28. Show how instability was increased with the launching of Sputnik.
29. Describe Great Britain's social and foreign policy after World War II.
30. Show how and why France challenged the United States for leadership of the Western
alliance.
31. Describe the economic revival of Europe.
32. Identify what the Maastrict treaty was and evaluate its success.
33. Show how and why the Soviet Union has experienced difficulties with its agriculture.
34. Identify the Brezhnev Doctrine and describe how European communist parties reacted to it.
35. Discuss problems in the Soviet economy.
36. Describe developments in Poland in the 1980's.
37. Describe developments in Yugoslavia after World War II.
38. Describe the War in Bosnia and the disagreements between NATO allies that resulted.
39. Show how and why Britain played the Arabs and Jews off against one another in the World
War I period.
40. Describe events in the Middle East during and after World War I.
41. Describe the situation in the Third World after the end of imperialism and how Europe was
affected.
From Concorde
42.Explain how the Americans and Europeans differed on the need for a supersonic passenger
airplane.
43. Identify the problems the Concorde faced.
From Privatization
44. Explain the problems encountered by nationalized firms.
45. Discuss the debate over privatizing railroads.
From Common Market
46. Show how and when the Common Market was formed.
47. Show the disagreements about letting former Soviet satellites join the EC.
Information needed to accomplish these objectives will be found in class lectures and the online textbook.
HIST 2312 Unit IV: World War II and the Cold Wa
Post-war Economic Collapse
I Introduction
A. Insecurity
B. no steady growth
C. lost world trade
D. paper money
E. service activities
F. Britain and Italy
II Economic problems
A. cost $350 billion
B. European trade in decline
C. internal trade disrupted
D. unbacked currency
D. Deaths
F. workers and economic gains
III Invasion of Ruhr
A. France
B. German 1921 repayment difficulties
C. France invades Ruhr valley
1. U.S. and Britain
D. strikes
E. inflation
F. little economic benefit
G. U.S. leads way in reducing payments
H. Britain disagrees with France
IV Unhealthy world economy
A. self-sufficiency (autarky)
B. high tariff walls
C. reparations hurt
D. farmers
E.1929 crash in U.S.
F. Roosevelt and New Deal
G. rest of Europe
Dictatorship Triumphant
I Russia
A. response to WW I
1. casualties
B. Moderate Revolution
1. War, 1917 Tzar
dismisses Duma
2. spontaneous uprising
3. moderate reforms
Prince Lvov
4. Kerenski and
factionalism
5. Lenin returns
C. Bolshevik fight for survival
1. Seized power illegally
2. insecure
3. Lenin ends war
4. social revolutionaries
5. civil war-terror
6. western invasion to aid
white Russians
7. eliminate counter-
revolutionaries
D. Lenin's thought
1. two stage revolution,
violence
2. rejected mass party
3. peasant
4. opposition parties
unnecessary
5. cadres
6. nationalism
7. USSR formed
E. failure of war socialism
1. put into practice
between 1918-21
2. Widespread famine and
industrial dislocation
result
3. others take advantage
4. NEP-why?
5. capitalism limited
F. Stalin's rise to power
1. beat out Trotsky
2. party apparatus
G. Stalin's thought
1. exile
2. world revolution
3. purges
H. Stalin's economic program
1. Five year plans
2. workers unskilled
3. built Soviet industrial
output
4. foreigners react
5. people suffer
6. response of West
I. Agriculture collectivized
1. state control of food
2. modernization
3. Forced requisitions
4. other solutions
5. famine
6. pay for
industrialization
7. release of labor
II Italy
A. problems in Italy
1. felt cheated
2. economic chaos after
war
3. government
unstable/violence
4. socialists strongest
party, but Mussolini
opposes it
5. factionalism
B. Mussolini's rise to power
1. march on Rome
2. 1924 election/
underestimated
3. opportunist
5. Lateran treaty
C. Fascism and the state
1. Stop Bolshevism
2. Glorified war
3. Recreate Roman
empire
4. State symbol of
greatness
5. Some positive
achievements, but
also failures
III Germany
A. Problems of Weimar
Republic
1. 1919 communists
routed, associated
with defeat
2. proportional
representation
3. President can rule by
decree, Article 48
4. Economic difficulties
B. Growth of dictatorship
1. Lack of experience
2. Powerful army
3. French invasion
4. Industrialists and
large landowners fear
socialists
C. Background to Hitler's rise
to power
1. Early rebellion failed
2. National Socialists
3. Attacked Jews and
Versailles Treaty
4. Lower middle class
5. Pan-Germanism
D. Hitler's rise to power
1. Economic difficulties
1929 onward
2. Nazis increase in size
3. Chancellor 1933
4. Retained Weimar
republic
5. Reichstag fire
E. Consolidation of power
1. Night of long knives
2. Nuremburg laws
3. Crystal night
4. League
5. Solves economic
problems
IV Democracy in Europe
A. Britain
1. No post-war recovery
2. General strike
3. Unemployment
4. Fascists
5. Empire
6. Ireland
B. France
1. Depression came later
2. Right wing
3. Popular Front
4. Poor financing
World War II
I Axis in Europe
A. Rearmament of Germany
B. Italy attacks Ethiopia
C. Reoccupation of Rhineland
1936
D. Italy and Germany now
support one another
E. Spanish Civil War
1. 1936 elections
2. Franco
3. Axis tests men
4. Civilians
5. Soviet Union
II Hitler's drive to recreate greater Germany
A. Lebensraum
B. Austria, 1938 (Anschluss)
C. Sudetenland
D. Munich
E. Czech security
F. Czechoslovakia absorbed
III Poland
A. Polish corridor
B. German-Soviet Non-
aggression Pact
C. Convinced democracies
would not fight
D. Blitzkrieg
IV Spring 1940
A. Phony war
B. Rest of Europe
C. Maginot Line
D. France surrenders June,
1940 De Gaulle
E. Britain refuses to
surrender/Battle of
Britain
V Relations with USSR
A. Germany attacks
B. Frustrated Hitler
C. Germany's successes
D. winter
E. Stalingrad
F. Ukraine
VI End of Axis
A. U.S. enters
B. North Africa
C. Dresden
D. Cross channel invasion
E. Battle of the Bulge
F. Hiroshima
VII Problems in post-war Europe
A. Civilian casualties
B. Russian losses
C. Winter 1945-6
D. Superpower confrontation
Beginnings of the Cold War
I. Definition
II. Wartime alliance breaks up
A. very little discussion
B. Churchill's agreement
C. United States' response
D. United States and Eastern
Europe
E. Soviet troop movement
III Traditional Russian goals
A. window on the sea
B. pan-slavism
C. Near East
D. Germany
IV Early history of containment
A. peaceful
B. lend lease
C. Soviet Union and eastern
Europe
D. diplomatic pressure
1. Italy and France
1947
2. Czechoslovakia
E. multi-party
governments
V. Cold War is public
A. Truman Doctrine and
Marshall Plan 1947
B. Berlin crisis 1948
C. Czechoslovakian invasion
D. multi-party
governments
E. atom bomb 1949
F. NATO (1949) Warsaw
Pact (1955)
1. British ideas
G. Death of Stalin
Cold War
I. Instability
A. why?
1. new leaders,
Khrushchev and
Eisenhower
2. untried Republican
administration
unrealistic aims
3. development of
Third World
4. Russia better able
to appeal
B. Khrushchev's rise to
power
1. no legal successor
2. power not secure
3. military
4. reformer
5. erratic
6. Denunciation of
Stalin 1956
C. Europe
1. Poland 1956
a. communist
party
b. Gomulka
c. Stalinists
d. Warsaw Pact
e. .Collectiviza-
tion and
Catholic church
2. Hungary 1956
a. communism-
Nagy
b. Warsaw Pact
c. United States'
help
d. spheres of
influence
3. Suez 1956
a. Nasser and
weapons
b. Aswan Dam
c. Nationaliza-
tion
d. invasion
e. rockets
f. Nasser’s
survival
4. Sputnik 1957
a. rocket
b. targetability
c. attack time
d. missile gap
5. Berlin Wall 1961
a. cities
b. brain drain
II Reemergence of U.S. allies
A. U.S. not alone
B. French-German alliance
C. Britain
1. low productivity
2. labor unions
3. welfare state
4. race
5. empire
6. missiles
7. R and D
D. France and leadership of
alliance
1. unified Europe
2. Germany
3. view of Soviet
Union
4. Fifth Republic
5. Britain and
Common market
6. NATO
7. nature of French
government
D. West Germany's
Economic miracle
1. reintegration
2. Berlin crisis 1948
3. foreign policy
4. European Defense
Community
5. nature of German
government
III. Economic revival of Europe
A. Marshall plan
B. birth rate
C. rebuilding
D. backlog of technology
E. Germany free capitalism
F. Wages
G. new products
H. no tariffs
I. Maastrict
1. Europeanism
2. supra-nationality
3. nation states
4. differences
between voters
and those who
wrote it
5. members
J. Bonn and East German
mark
IV. Difficulties in Eastern bloc
A. Stalin increases
dictatorial control
B. pre-war output
C. Eastern Europe liability
D. resurgent nationalism
E. Eastern Europe pulls
away
V. Soviet Union's agriculture
A. disappointing
B. Comparison to Europe
C. incentives
D. results
E. interference and results
F. Virgin lands
1. Kazahkstan
2. farm techniques
3. Riazon
G. developing country
VI Sino-Soviet split
A. traditional rivalry
B. Soviet policy
C. leadership of communist world
D. Atomic bomb
E. Mao's ideas/cultural revolution 1965
F. preemptive strike
Eastern Europe and the End of the Cold War
I. Introduction.
A. Brezhnev doctrine
II Eurocommunism
III Gorbachev
A. improve economic
performance
B. reduce expenses
C. border states
D. Soviet economy
IV Poland
A. importance
B. debt
C. Soldarity
D. Warsaw Pact
E. Walensa
F. shock therapy
V Czechoslovakia
A. tradition of democracy
B. subsidized consumption
C. Velvet revolution
D. Ethnic divisions
VI Yugoslavia
A. Tito
B. poorer South
C. ethnic divisions
D. Serbanification
E. Tito dies
F. Bosnian War
1. Slovenia and Croatia
2. Germany and recognition
a. Integrity of United Nations
b. unification of Germany
c. German constitution
G. French solution
VII Conclusion
End of Imperialism
I. End of imperialism
A. role of WW I
B. FDR and anti-
imperialism
C. natives drafted
D. quickly and for most part peacefully
E. New leaders
F. United States misreads
II Middle East in WW I
A. Britain and nationalist uprisings
B. Balfour declaration
C. Rothschild
D. hostility of Turkey
E. League mandates
III Middle East post- WW II
A. Palestine Question
B. Jewish population
C. Arabs
D. mandates
IV Middle East WW II and beyond
A. role of War
B. migration
C. Zionism
D. Israel 1948
E. refugees
V Results of end of imperialism
A. raw materials
B. holding on to colonies
C. Development of Europe
D. debt
E. War can break out