U.S. History I
Dr. Andres Tijerina

Introduction

• Personal Objectives

• The Course Objectives

The Syllabus

• Grades

• Attendance

• Textbook

• Office

• Special Needs

• Withdrawal

• Academic Dishonesty

• Incomplete Grades

Skills in History

• Reading

– maps, dictionary

– read

– take notes

– study your notes

• Listening (Lecture Notes)

• Writing (Book Report, Exams)

• Research (Book Report)

• Testing

1. Emergence of Europe

• spread power & culture around world

• invention of new instruments for navigation

• Leif Ericson (A.D. 1,000) Norseman but no population or economic force

• Rise of nation states and powerful monarchs w/armies

– rise of towns and trade

– Italian City States - Venice, Pisa

• Demand: Marco Polo (Cathay), Crusades (1095-1270) city, merchants, corporations

– pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, drugs, silk, perfume, steel, rice

3. Spain and Portugal Exploration

• Ferdinand & Isabela unite (1469)

– Reconquista (1492) Conquistadores

– Canary Islands -> Encomienda

– Moors

Prince Henry the Navigator (1414)

• geographers, astronomers, mathamaticians, cartographers, captains

• advancement of knowledge, nav. tables, trade, astrolabe, caravel, lateen sail

• Portuguese & Muslim traders took 1K/yr. West African slaves before 1492

• Winthrop Jordan, White over Black

• I, Rigoberta Menchu

4. Columbus (b. 1451 Genoa)
thru Luis Santangel to Ferd. & Isabella

• a. talked to Barthalameo Diaz, found Cape of Good Hope (1488)

• mastered geography, diplomatic, persistent

• b. Vasco da Gama (1498) R/T to India w/spices

• c. Amerigo Vespucci (1499) wrote account w/map; thus "America"

– mass migration (80-100 mil.), greatest event since B.C., Spanish Empire

– Died thinking he'd been to India after 4 trips

5. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• 270 lg. west by Pope Alex. VI

6. Spanish Explorers

• Juan Ponce de Leon (1513) N. Amer. continent

• Balboa discovers Pacific

7. French Explorers

• a. Gio. de Verrazano and Jacques de Cartier claimed Canada (1534)

• Samuel de Champlain (1608) founded Quebec; La Salle to Gulf (1684) La Belle

• b. Economic coop. w/Indians: beaver furs, fur traders, Jesuits

• c. But small pop., fur-trading monopolies, ltd. King support

8. English Explorers:

• John Cabot (1497) at Newfoundland gave England claim to N. Amer.

Native Americans

• 40-60 mil. in 1492 A.D. in New World

• 10 mil. in present-day U.S.

• crossed Bering Strait 30 - 40 thousand yrs. ago

No. Amer. Indians

• Eastern Woodlands

– Iroquois tribes

– Powhatan

– Cherokee

– Delaware

• Great Plains

• Great Basin

• Southwest

2. Aztecs - Tenochtitl‡n

• Mexica from Aztl‡n, Tlascalan

• Bibliography:

• Gordon Schendel, Medicine of Mexico

Tenochtitl‡n

• largest city (pop. 250K)

• total empire = 5 mil.

• teocentl’, corn

• architecture, gold, art

• astronomy, drugs

• govt.

3. European Advantages

• gunpowder, firearms, horse, wheel, ships, steel armor

• capitalism + technology

• "contemptible heathens"; communal land tenure, no govt.

4. Cortez (1519) Conquest of Mexico

• Francisco Pizarro in Peru

• Coronado, de Soto explore N. Amer.

• BartalomŽ de las Casas protested treatment of Mexicans

• Virgin of Guadalupe, Requerimiento

– Tlascalans, Mestizo, Badianus Manuscript (Codex)

5. New Spain

• mestizo, mestizaje

• encomienda/hacienda, Requerimiento

• 9 mil. black slaves

– (more Africans than any European bx 1650-1831)

• Juan de O–ate 1598; Martin de Alarcon 1718, JosŽ de Escand—n 1747

6. Columbian Exchange

• smallpox, measles decimated Mexico 25 mil. -> 2.5 mil.

• corn, avocado, chocolate, vainilla, potato, turkey, tomato, syphillis, tobacco

• rice, citrus, sugar, horse, cow, pig, sheep, flu, typhus, measles, smallpox, coffee, bannana

• mestizaje, mestizo, Guadalupe; regimentation, standing army, fueros, fontera

• 200T Gold, 16,000T silver bx 1500-1650

Protestant Reformation

• challenge Spain's power, nat'l rivalries, affect N. Amer.

1. Martin Luther (Bittenberg, 1517)

• "95 Theses" led to Lutheranism, Baptists

• "direct relationship" w/God vs pope, indulgences, corruption, lifestyle

• German princes stop payments, confiscate church property, broke relations

• new Protestant religions: Presbyterians, Huguenots, Puritans

2. Jean Calvin, Geneva (1536)

• wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion

• predestination, depravity, stern moral code

• hard work + lay governance = rising middle class

• Max Weber, Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (diligence)

• -> Puritans and Presbyterians and greatest influence on English colonies

3. Engl. King Henry VIII (1533)

• divorced Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand's daughter)

• assumed head of English Anglican Church

• broke w/Pope

4. Commercial classes rise

• England, Netherlands, France

• growth of trade & industry; Dutch fleet

• joint-stock companies (ltd. liability)

– Muscovy

– E. India

– Levant

Significance of Reformation:

• England became Protestant nation

• dominant characteristics of English colonies:

– English

– Protestant

– Capitalist

BUT: Under Mary I (Catherine's daughter)

• Protestant martyrs resisted Catholic Mary

• ousted and beheaded (1587)

5. Ireland "Colonial Model"

• by Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1569)

• Irish pastoral, Catholic, Gaelic language

• market economy, townships, improve land

• English "superior" semi-military settlements Ulster, Munster

• Significance of Irish Model:

• Irish stereotype: "mane, woman, child"

• left deep hatred

English Settlement

• Martin Frobisher (1570) expolred NW Passage

• Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583)

– Muscovy Co. failed settlement in N. Foundland

• joint-stock companies sought N.W. Passage and colonies

• Roanoke Is. (1585) by Sir Walter Raleigh

– sent 117 men, women, children

– but failed to re-supply in 1588 due to Spanish Armada

– 1590 too late to save "Lost Colony"

Spanish Armada (1588)

• 1. Phillip II at peak:

– gold & silver

– corruption

• Elizabeth represented English nationalism + Protestantism

• Attempt to punish Elizabeth I for beheading Mary Q. of Scotts & plunder

• Sea Dog Sir Francis Drake (1577)

– Dutch independence

2. "Invincible Armada" 1588)

• "Largest fleet,"

• 130 ships, 30,000 men, 2,400 guns,

• storms and bulky galleons for infantry vs smaller English ships

• turning point in Spanish decline

• English power and supremacy on the sea

Significance of Armada:

• English patriotism and literature

• Richard Hakluyt, Discourse on Western Planting

– expand trade, religion, population, navy bases

• Spain couldn't block British settlement in New World

• N. Amer. settled by English Protestant capitalists

EXAM 1, Ch. 1-5

• Columbian Exchange

• Protestant Reformation

• Jamestown

• Spanish Armada

• Mercantilism

• Great Awakening

• Enlightenment

• Seven Year’s War

Lecture Notes

• Attend Lecture

• Take Notes

• Learn the Notes

• Exercise

– study group

– sample

– study guide (computer, hard copy)

Columbian Exchange

• Points

• 2

• 4

• 4

• Total

• 100

English liberties

• local govt., sheriff, J.P., Parliament

• unwritten constitution, common law

• trial by jury of peers, search warrant

Stuarts line (17th cent.)

– Anglican not "pure" enough for Puritans > America

– priest's vestements, candles, church music

– pilgrimages, alms, indulgences

• Separatists fled to Netherlands

– later "Pilgrims" to America

• Charles I disbanded Parliament

• His Archbishop of Canterbury Wm. Laud

– persecuted Puritans

– he removed their Puritan ministers

– harrassed church elders

Glorious Revolution

• by William of Orange (1688)

• executed Charles I, impeached Wm. Laud

• Parliamentary rule re-established

• Bill of Rights 1689

– no standing army, special courts, or taxes w/o Parl.,

• freedom of speech, petition, Religious Toleration

• no excessive bail or cruel punishment

Jamestown (1607) on Chesapeake

• by joint-stock co. under Royal Council for Virginia

– London Company

• 100 settlers in 3 ships (Susan Constant, Discovery, Godspeed)

• Poor planning: swamp, no crops, "gentlemen" w/o skills

• - half settlers died, searching for gold

Capt. John Smith

• expert forager & Indian trader

• organized labor, got farmers, fishermen, planted corn, tobacco

Economy

• Tobacco trade + headrights = land ownership, independence, profits

• John Rolfe introduced W. Indian tobacco (1612)

• African slaves arrived on Dutch man-o-war (1619)

• Indian wars vs Powhattan's tribe

• Bacon’s Rebellion

House of Burgesses (1619) to advise governor

• governor appointed by merchants of London Co.

• delegates chosen for each district

Jamestown Significance:

• London Co. lost $ and changed to royal colony

• BUT: tobacco profits led to commerce and independence

• land ownership + political power led to community

• slavery and Indian wars integral to South's agriculture

Maryland (1634) proprietary by Geo. Calvert, Lord Baltimore

• Catholic but religious toleration i.e. Toleration Act (1649)

• land ownership, tobacco profits, political freedom

• led to N. & S. Carolinas (1670) - proprietary

Puritans

• Separatists fled to Netherlands, then "Pilgrims” to N. AM

The Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact

• estab. "civil body politick" wh. led to General Court (rep. body)

• chose Wm. Bradford as gov. (Of Plymouth Plantation)

• learned from Indians i.e. Squanto to plant, fish, hunt, interpret

• U.S. Thanksgiving tradition, depended on fishing industry

Massachusetts Bay Co. (1630) -founded Boston

• Puritans persecuted by Anglican Bishop Wm. Laud of Charles I

• 1,000 Puritans in 1630; 10 K by 1640 "Great Migration"

• Gov. John Winthrop, "City on a Hill"

• General Court, rep. govt., bicameral, to levy taxes and pass laws

Rhode Island (1635) by Roger Williams

• - banished from Massachusetts General Court

• - proposed separation of church and state

• - founded Providence in 1636

• - estab. freedom of religion and separation of church & state

Anne Hutchinson (1638)

• also banished by Gen. Court for heresy

• claimed "revelation" ; opposed salvation by good deeds

• - her own defense at trial

• - individualism, sexism by John Winthrop

Connecticut (1633)

• by Thomas Hooker of Massachusetts

• slaughtered Pequot Indians and estab. General Court of Conn.

N. Hampshire & Maine (1629)

– by Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason

Middle Colonies

• New York (1664) West India Co. developed it, and English colonists took it from the Dutch

• New Jersey (1702) as proprietorship by Sir Geo. Carteret

Pennsylvania (1681) by Wm. Penn as proprietorship for Quakers

• "inner light" no ministers, pacifism, fair w/Indians, women

– trade w/Indians; Philadelphia commerce and business; trial by jury

• Concessions and Agreements (1677) - autonomous legislature

– Meeting House to Counting House promoted business and middle class

– 9,000 Germans (Penn. Deutch) by 1685; doubled by 1700

Georgia (1733) Last Colony

• Geo. Oglethorpe

• for defense vs Spain and refuge for poor

Contrast with New Spain

• 1. private investment

• 2. free from royal controls

• 3. self government

• 4. variety of nationalities and rel. sects > political & religious toleration

• 5. Geography (no rivers inland "fall line," mts.) concentrated population growth

Colonial Society

• -retained cultural diversity i.e. Albion's Seed accents, vocab.

• N. Engl. - fishing & commerce; Puritan & Yankee

• Middle Colonies - "breadbasket" of wheat & barley; Quaker, Dutch

• Southern - tobacco & rice; country gentleman, yeoman farmer, slave

1. Population

• rapid growth to 250K by 1700; 2.5 mil. by 1775

• - high birth rate, low death (life span 70); except Southern high mortality

• - sex ratio men 8:1 over women > women more valued + job diversification

BUT:

• subservient to husband; couldn't vote, preach, publ. off., school, prop, sue

• - Nuclear & Patriarchial family; women married and married young

Southern Colonies

• Headright System (50 A/cultivate) + indenture attracted immigrants

• Tobacco staple-crop system - labor intensive, profitable

• increased slavery, land concentration (plantations), monoagriculture

• soil exhaustion > pressure on Indians

• dependence on N. capitalists

The Peculiar Institution

Slavery

• racism + economics /local self-govt.

• 1619 increase to 5K by 1675

• 1/5 population of colonies by 1776;

• majority in S. C.

• slave ships, outlawed marriage, different religious and family structure

• bred and concubinage w/gentry

Royal African Company (1672)

• expanded slave trade while Europe's declined

• S.C. Negro Act (1740

– codes vs educ., marriage, property hindered S. literacy

– fear of intermarry & rebellion > severe punishment

– burn alive, castration, hang, stereotype + forced acculturation

• Contributions

– vocabulary (tote, yam, goober), coded messages, religion of deliverance, music, folklore

4. N. England colonies

• (township land ownership vs farm headrights)

• - forests, shipbuilding, commerce, "Triangular Trade" rum/slaves/molasses

"Triangular Trade"

• (fish > Spain, wine > Engl., slaves from W. Indies)

• Boston "commercial hub" of 10,000 pop.

• ship building, maritime commerce, shops, merchants & artisans

Nuclear & patriarchial family

• Puritan covenant - contract w/congregation, loyalty, "blueprint for life"

• civic consciousness, deference to leaders, ch. member, family auth.

- "Halfway covenant (1662) - intermediate church membership

• due to decline in members, attendance, baptisms

• vote based on property instead of church membeship > increased voting

• BUT: Salem Witch Trials (1692) then Boston, Maine

• jailed 3, then "Witch Hunt", 300 charged, 28 convicted, 19 hanged, 1 stoned

Middle Colonies (N.Y., Penn., N.J.)

• same literacy as N. Engl. and higher voter participation

• merchants (Quakers Counting House), cities (Phila. pop. 15K) & press

• mixed nationalities & religions (Ger., Scots-Irish, Dutch), Catholic, Methodist

Enlightenment

• challenged divine right or Bible revelation

1. Newton Principia (1687) - natural laws vs Ptolemy

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau Origin of Inequality (1753) and Social Contract (1762) inspired by Voltaire's Philosophical Letters

• John Locke,Two Treatises on Government (1690) social contract + vs divine right

2. American Enlightenment

• weak traditional bonds to free thought experimentation

• high literacy rate, Scripture reading, newspapers

• John Winthrop, David Rittenhouse scientific experiments

• Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia

Benjamin Franklin (b 1706)

• studied electricity, invented bifocals, stove, lightening rod

• - published Poor Richard's Almanac and Pennsylvania Gazette

IMPACT:

• led to spread of education

• Harvard (1636), science and naturalists exchanged knowledge

• challenge to authority

Great Awakening (1750)

• religious wave of evangelism swept all colonies

• 1. Decline in church membership, baptisms, material wealth, religious fervor

2. European evangelical movement spread to N. Am.

• Theo. Frelinghuysen & Wm. Tennant, ministers brought it

• Geo. Whitefield (1738)

– Anglican min., GA.

– dynamic pulpit orator, fund raiser

– non-denominational

– toured throughout colonies, attracted itinerants

3. Jonathon Edwards

• most famous revivalist

• "angry God" holding spider over cauldron

4. Split congregations

• New Lights and Old Lights (conservatives)

• New Light colleges: Princeton (1746), Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth

SIGNIFICANCE: the first truly national event in American history

• i.e. "American culture"

• fostered new religions, religious toleration, common man, own judgment

• led to Ben Franklin "Albany Plan" (1754) for colonial unity

• Indian defense, common problems

Mercantilism

• 17th cent. economic theory for nat'l. wealth & balance of trade

• Object was specie from mkt. of mfg. goods for raw materials thru monopoly

Mercantilism

• 1. Trade

2. Privy Council (1st col. supv. bd.)

• 1651 - all goods imported to Engl. on Engl. ships w/majority Engl. crew

• 1660 - 3/4 Engl. crew + enumerated goods only to Engl.

– tobacco, cotton, indigo, sugar; later rice, furs, naval stores

• 1663 - all European goods land first in Engl. before imported to colonies

• 1673

– captain must pay bond to guarantee compliance w/ enumerated imports

3. Lords of Trade (1675) repl. Privy Council to enforce system

• Edward Randolph apptd. customs general (hated, punished Mass.)

• restructured to Royal Governors apptd. by King

• Nav. Act 1696 authorized "writs of assistance" and trial by Admiralty Courts

4. Salutary Neglect

• Hanover line apptd. Board of Trade (political patronage)

• smuggling

• violated Navigation Acts

• ilicit mint

• lenient courts

SIGNIFICANCE of MECANTILISM

• Colonies accustomed to lax govt.

• no taxes, local gov't.

• Br. Sys. not centralized

Bacon's Rebellion

• 500 Virginia militiamen vs Indians

• by Nathaniel Bacon (1676)

1. Indian wars

• stirred by land-hungry settlers from Mass. to VA

• tobacco prices decline, rising taxes, opposed Gov. Berkeley & planters

2. Bacon led "total war"

• slaughter of Susquehannocks on James R.

• - burned Jamestown, arrested Gov. Berkeley

3. Bacon died of fever

• 23 leaders hanged

• Br. Navy quelled rebellion

IMPACT of Rebellion:

• opened new lands to small farmers (not aristocratic landowners, i.e. class conflict

• devastated frontier economy and population for years

• established violent rebellion as a form of protest vs govt.

Seven Years War

1. French America

• Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle (1684) claimed Miss. R. “Louisiana Territory” for France

• fur traders and missionaries from Quebec to Great Lakes (Ft. Detroit) to Gulf at New Orleans (1718)

2. Engl. vs Fr. in Europe

• Iroquois allied w/British

• Ottawa and Delaware w/French

3. Maj. Geo. Washington of Vir.

• surrendered Ft. Necessity (1754)

• - intnat'l. hero, opened world war, brother owned Ohio Company in Ohio Valley

• Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution

4. Alliances

• Engl. + Prussia (Fred. Great)

• vs Fr. + Austria (Maria Theresa, dipl. rev.) + Russia

5. Wm. Pitt, war min.

• used troops in N. Am

• appointed able military officers

• $ to Prussia

• navy for sea supremacy.

6. Engl., colonists, Iroquois took Ft. Duquesne, then Quebec

• (turning point) in 1759

7. Peace of Paris 1763: Fr. lost all N. Am. possessions; Spain lost Fla.

• Engl. got Fla., Canada, and Louisana territory east of Miss. R. (India, Carib.)

• first European war fought and won in New World; American colonists won

BUT: Br. soldiers saw colonist insubordination as weakness

• colonists saw Br. weaknesses; organized colonial army and mil. leaders

• Proclamation Line of 1763 along Appalachians

settlers & speculators (Washington, Ben Franklin) violated it