2nd Exam

• Jun. 23

• Chapts. 5, 6, 7

• Continental Congress

• Articles of Confederation

• Great Compromise

• Jay’s Treaty

• Hamilton’s Report on Credit

The American Revolution

• War ends

• Revolution continues

State Constitutions

• new state constitutions

• all states by 1777

• except Conn. & R.I.

• based on colonial charters

St. Const. Powers

• bi-cameral legis.

• an executive, court system

• popular sovreignty for landowners

• representation by districts

State Bill of Rights

• religious toleration

• separation church and state

• no primogeniture, entail, quitrents

• northern states end slavery

• Blacks denied jury, vote, school

Articles of Confederation

• "league of friendship"

• 1777 (Nov.)

• submitted to states by Continental Congress

• 1781 Ratified by all states

Articles:

• conduct war

• foreign relations

• borrow

• coin & issue money

Significance of Articles

• legal basis for authority of Continental Congress

• each state = 1 vote

• (2 - 7 delegates)

• each state sovreign

• states had all powers not expressly delegated

Weaknesses of Articles

• no enforcement authority

• no power to

– regulate trade

– levy taxes

– draft troops

• no courts

• weak President

Ratification delay

• Maryland delayed til ‘81

Articles of Confederation Accomplishments:

• Peace of Paris 1783 signed

• executive departments

– Foreign Aff., Finance, War, Post Office

• land distribution

Land Ordinance of 1785

• townships (640 Acres) auction

• school lands

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• Governor apptd. by Congress

• 5,000 pop. choose Assembly

• 60,000 pop. apply to Congress

• territories had Bill of Rights

Significance of NW Ord.

• excluded slavery

• entered union as equal state

• greatest achievement of Articles

Problems under Articles

• finances & debt never resolved

• British forts on Canada border

• southern boundary w/Spain

Shays’ Rebellion

• Mass., 1787

• Daniel Shays led 1,200 farmers

• no paper money, high taxes

• attacked Springfield arsenal

• prevented foreclosures

Rebellion quelled

• Gen. Benj. Lincoln & militia

• Mass. lowered taxes

Reaction to Shays

• Geo. Wash. & Governeur Morris

• Abigail Adams spoke of insurgency

• Jefferson “tree of liberty”

• calls for stronger govt. by middle class

Constitutional Convention

• 1785 commercial convention

• Alexander Hamilton proposed

Philadelphia, May 1787

• “revising the Articles”

• 9 states in secret sessions

General Agreement

• entirely new govt (shift)

• levy taxes, regulate interstate comm.

• raise army

• enforce national laws

• make war and treaties

Representation Plans

• problem of representation

Virginia Plan

• large states by Edm. Randolph

• bi-cameral

• lower house by states

• then lower house choose upper

• upper house elects exec. & judges

Small States Plan (N.J.)

• equal representation

• unicameral congress

• by Wm. Paterson

• not radical change

• led to stalemate

Hamilton’s Plan

• Senators & Pres. for life

• states were admin. districts

Compromise Committee

• 12 members

• Franklin calmed tempers

Great Compromise

• Senate: equal rep. (2 ea)

• Senate elected by St. Leg.

• House: by pop

– 1 per 40,000

• but who is population?

3/5 Compromise

• slaves count 3/5 for tax & rep

• no more slaves after 20 yrs.

Presidential Compromise

• Cmdr. in Chief

• foreign policy

• veto

• State of Union

• recommend legis. proposals

• Appointments and treaties confirmed by Senate

Treaty Compromise

• 2/3 Senate

Supreme Court

• judicial review

• national court system

Congressional Powers

• 2-yr terms in House

• 6-yr terms in Senate

• 4-yr term President

• “necessary and proper”

Constitution Strengths

• Balance of Powers

• Amendments (simple)

• Flexible broad interpretation

Ratification

• 9 states required

• Federalists vs Anti-Feds

• The Federalist Papers

– Jay, Madison, Hamilton (E Publius)

– constitutional theory

• N.Hampshire in 1789 was 9th

The Young Republic

• Washington, Pres, Adams, VP

• capital in N.Y.

• preoccupied with precedent

New Administration

• Treasury - Alex Hamilton

• State - Thos. Jefferson

• War - Gen. Henry Knox

• Ch. Justice - John Jay

Congress

• Bill of Rights

– speech, press, religion, jury, arm

– testify vs. self, due process,

• Judiciary Act 1789

– 6-member Supreme Court

– 3 Circuit Courts

– Atty. Gen.

• Administrative Departments

Hamilton’s
Report on the Public Credit

• funded debt at par

• “face value”

• investors would profit

• assumption of state debts

• National Bank of the U.S.

• “necessary and proper”

Hamilton Rpt. on Mfg.

• economic planning

• promote mfg., employment

• self-sufficient economy

• tariff, awards

• transformed fin. structure

• foundation for eco. growth

Foreign Policy

• under Washington

French Revolution (1789)

• France vs Engl. & Spain

• "Citizen Genet" (Edmund) agent to U.S. in 1793

• issued licenses to U.S. privateers vs. Br.

• over Washington to U.S. public

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

• had Genet recalled

Washington appts. Ch. Justice Jay

• to negotiate with England (1794)

• not Sect. of State Thomas Jefferson

Jay's Treaty (1795)

• to redress Br. seizure of U.S. ships

• Br. withdraw troops from NW territory

• compensate U.S. shipowners

• commercial treaty

Jay’s Accomplishments

• U.S. undisputed in N.W.

• U.S. estab. as equal to Br.

• facilitated Pinckney’s

Reaction to Jay’s Treaty

• accepted "Rule of 1756" re trade in war

• alienated French

• conceded most-favored nation to Engl.

• alienated Jefferson (resigned)

• hurt Federalists

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)

• Spain opens Miss. R.

• right to deposit at N. Orleans

• Florida 31st parallel boundary

• U.S. first real successful treaty

Western Migration

• Cumberland Gap

• Ohio R.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

• by Gen. "Mad Anthony" Wayne

• vs Creeks, Cherokee, Choctow who had beaten Arthur St. Clair

• quelled Indian resistance

• opened NW for great westward expansion

• new states (Ten., Vt., Ky.)

Whiskey Rebellion(1794)

• farmers in W. Penn.

• Hamilton's high excise tax on whiskey

• terrorized tax collectors

• Washington commanded 13,000 militiamen

• ended rebellion

Significance of Whiskey Reb.

• different from Shay's Rebellion

• Central Govt. power

• demonstrated U.S. fully established

Political Parties

• Jefferson Anti-Federalists

• agrarian, liberty, schools

• Hamilton Federalist

• conservative, capitalism

3. Washington's Farewel Address

• reasons for not running

• supported the public debt

• deplored "spirit of party"

• warned against sectionalism

• avoid permanent entangling alliances

Washington’s Accomplishments

• precedents & machinery of govt.

• estab. U.S. diplomacy

• left U.S. economically viable

• strong leader & central govt.

• drove Indians out of N.W.

4. Election of 1796

• by informal caucuses

• 16 states participated

• Republicans: Jefferson & Aaron Burr (N.Y. leader)

• Federalists: J. Adams & Thos. Pinckney

John Adams
as President

• Federalist dissention led to Republican VP

• VP was Jefferson (Rep.)

• "His Rotundity"

• philosopher of the Federalists

The XYZ Affair (1797)

• French attacks on U.S. shipping

• Adams appointed a commission

• Chas. Pinckney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry

Fr. Foreign Min. Tallyrand

• sent 3 agents (XYZ) to request bribe

• Pinckney: "No, no, not a sixpence."

U.S. Reaction to XYZ

• Adams got credit

• "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute."

• Insult to national honor

• John Adams became national hero

XYZ Results

• U.S. abrogated French Tr. of 1778

• broke all commercial relations

• voted $ to increase Army & Navy

• attacked French shipping

• "undeclared war"

Party Split on XYZ

• Republicans pro-French

• suspect of sympathy and subversion

• xenophobia i.e. French Rev. refugees

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

• Naturalization Act

– residency req. from 5 to 14 yrs for citizenship

• Alien Enemies Act

– President can expel aliens in declared war

• Alien Act

– President can expel all aliens "dangerous" to U.S.

• Sedition Act

– crime "to impede" the law & publish criticism of the government

Alien & Sed. Significance

• led to trials of Republican editors

• revealed means used for political obj.

• VA & KY Resolves

• Jefferson & Madison led resolves

– state govt. can nullify national law that violates the Constitution

"Revolution of 1800"

• Jefferson became President

• "peaceful change of power"

• tie with his own VP Aaron Burr

• House of Reps. broke tie

• 12th Amend. drafted to elect Pres. & VP separately

Federalist Contributions

• sound fiscal system

• strong federal government

• The Constitution

Exam 2

• Text Ch. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

• Continental Congress

• Articles of Confederation

• Great Compromise

• Erie Canal

• Lousiana Purchase

• Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit

• Jay’s Treaty

Thomas Jefferson

• President, 1800

Marbury vs Madison

• Adams Judiciary Act of 1801 apptd. Federalists

• Jefferson resists Adams "midnight appts."

• Wm Marbury, J.P. in D.C.

• Jefferson refused commission

Chief Justice John Marshall

• "genius"

• Supreme Ct. can't isue Writ of Mandamus

• BUT can declare Congressional law invalid if unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

Treaty of San Ildefonso

• secret treaty (1801)

• Spain returned LA to France

Napoleon

• designs on N. Amer.

• thwarted by Haiti revolution

• French army & navy to Haiti

• defeated by

• Toussant L'Overture

Fr. Min. Tallyrand

• sells LA to U.S.

• $15 million

• Constitutional dilemma

• no ref. to acquisition of new land & citizens

Significance of Purchase

• Popular success for Jeffersonian Republicans

• assured Jefferson's re-election

Federalists Demise

• damaged by opposing Louisiana purchase

• Essex Junto (1804) Federalist plot to secede N. Engl.

• Aaron Burr fatal duel with Alex. Hamilton

Lewis & Clark Exped. (1803)

• Jefferson extended U.S. claim

• strengthened fur trade

• relations w/ Indians

Sakajawea

• Shoshone Woman

Tiger (France) and Shark (Engl.)

• Jefferson’s position in 1803

Napoleonic Continental System

• Berlin Decree (1806)

– commerce with Engl. illegal

• Milan Decree (1807)

– ships under Engl. rules to be seized

– i.e. British “Rule of 1756”

England’s Orders in Council

• imposed on U.S.

Rule of 1756

• prohibited wartime trade not allowed in peace

• Impressment of Br. sailors

• impressed 5,000 sailors

• some U.S. naturalized & citizens

The Embargo Act

• (1807)

• Fr. & Engl. seized 700 U.S. ships by 1807

HMS Leopard

• attacks U.S.S. Chesapeake off Virginia coast

• Jefferson passes Embargo Act "Mistake"

Embargo Effects:

• prohibited all exports from U.S.

• catastrophic effect on U.S. commerce

• led to smuggling and resentment

• ended Jefferson's term on a sour note

• ended by Macon's Bill #2 (1810)

War of 1812

• causes

Indian Problems

• spurred by Tecumseh & The Prophet confederation

• Wm. Henry Harrison won Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• convinced U.S. of British scheme

War Hawks

• in Congress

• wanted Canada

• "national honor"

• Pres. James Madison declared war on June 1812

U.S. vs Britain

• U.S. weak Navy vs Br. weak army

• Washington D.C. (1814) sacked by Br. Adm. Geo. Cockburn

• Francis Scott Key "Star Spangled Banner"

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Christmas Eve 1814

• before the Battle of New Orleans

• status quo Ante Bellum

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• after the Treaty of Ghent

• Gen. Andrew Jackson

• Tennessean Indian fighter, Old Hickory

• Trenches used to defeat Br. Gen. Edw. Pakenham

Results of Battle

• Pakenham was killed

• news of Battle Victory arrived at same time as Treaty

• Jackson a national hero

• European nations conviced U.S. established republic

War Results

• Hartford Convention failed

• destroyed Federalist Party for good

• U.S. & Br. followed with Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

• 49th parallel to the Rockies

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

• Spain & U.S. Transcontinental Treaty

• Gen. Andrew Jackson "possessed" Florida

• Spain cedes Florida for $5 mil. to U.S.

• concedes to Red R., Sabine, 42nd Parallel to Pacific

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• JQ Adams , Sect. of State

• took advantage of Br. suggestion to limit Fr. colonies

• Western Hemisphere not subject to EUROPEAN EXPANSION

• ANY ATTEMPT TO EXTEND CONTROL SEEN AS THREAT TO U.S. security

Significance of Doctrine

• final state to U.S. independence

• declared unilaterally

New Leaders

• N - JQ Adams (Sen., Sect. St.)

• Dan'l Webster (Cong.)

• S - JC Calhoun (Sect. War, Monroe) Cong.,

• West - Henry Clay & T.H. Benton

Missouri Compromise (1819)

• Missouri 60K applied for slave statehood

• Missouri Enabling Act - Ja. Tallmage Ammendment

• prohibit further intro. of slaves + slaves freed at age 25

Debate

• led to vote on sectional lines N vs S

• angry debate failed twice

North

• issue was vote count in House with 3/5 compromise

Compromise

• accept Maine as free

• Missouri as slave

• and no more slavery in Louisiana Purchase above 36-30'

Problems:

• Missouri Constitution barred free blacks

• more debate

• Henry Clay said does not conflict with Constitution

• "face saving semantics"

SIGN: Compromise

• angry debate

• Sectional lines strict

• Precedent of equal votes in Senate

• Avoided issue of morality

• forboding sign of future "Fire Bell"

Corrupt Bargain

• 1824

Election of 1824

• JQ Adams won, JC Calhoun (VP)

• decided in House bcs. no plurality

• Clay cast support

• "corrupt" appointed Clay Sect. of State in exchange for Amer. Sys.

• American System of internal improvements

• roads, aid to mfg., agriculture

J.Q. Adams, Pres.

• kept old appointees

• refused to appt.

• Jackson laid ground for his election by accusation

EXAM 3, Apr. 15/16
Chapts. 8, 9, 10, 12

• Louisana Purchase

• Marshall Court

• Erie Canal

• Missouri Compromise

• Jacksonian Democracy

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo