The Marshall Court

• Chief Justice John Marshall (1819-24)

• favored business & mfg.

• promoted order

• insured property rights

CONTRACTS

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

• N. Hampshire couldn't violate King Geo. III charter

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

• Ga. legislature could not impair Yazoo land contracts

National Supremacy

• fed. legislation over states

• McCulloch v. Maryland

• Maryland legislature tried to tax U.S. Bank

• U.S. Bank was constitutional by Hamilton's argument of "implied powers" of Congress

• state tax of bank was unconstitutional

Regulate Commerce

• Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

• N.Y. can't grant ferry monopoly to Ogden

• U.S. commerce is supreme over state i.e. broad interpretation

Marshal’s Decisions

• opened shipping to competition

• federal legislation over commerce, electric pwr, radio, TV

• aided growth of the national economy

• reassured investors in business and contracts in U.S.

• reinforced U.S. Supreme Court's judicial limitation over st.

Election of 1828

• Andrew Jackson over Adams

• "King Mob" inauguration, V.P. J.C. Calhoun, Sect. State Van Buren

• personalized, emotional, campaigning (wife, Rachel)

Andrew Jackson, Pres.

• Hero of New Orleans

• Indian fighter

• man of the people

• Symbolized American ordinary mans ideals

• Jacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian
Democracy

• based on his personality

• democratization

Elections

• larger percent voted

• eliminated property qualifications

• more public elective offices

• most states used popular vote to select presidential electors

Parties

• started using national party conventions

• established large party structures

"Ordinary Man"

• could do anything > immigrants

• Catholics, minorities

• Newspapers proliferated

Andrew Jackson’s
"Spoils System”

• appt’d ordinary party workers

• informal "Kitchen Cabinet" not Secretaries

Effects of Jacksonian Democracy

• Suspicion of special privilege hindered corporations

• major financial blunders in management of bank

• risked int'l war w/France over $5 mil Napoleon War claims

Nullification Crisis

• over Tariff of 1832

• J.C. Calhoun wrote "So. Carolina Exposition & Protest" (1828)

• vs 1828 Tariff of Abominations"

• failed S+W coalition

• state's right to "nullify" fed. law within its boundaries

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

• Sen Robt. Hayne (S.C.)

• states' rights alienated West & Northerners wanting cheap land

Jefferson Day Dinner

• Toasts (1830) alienated Jackson

• "Our Federal Union" vs "The Union Next to Liberty Most Dear"

4. S.C. Ordinance of Nullification (1832) prohibited tariff

• authorized raising state army & weapons

• defeated by Jackson's threat to use U.S. Army

• compromise tariff of 1833 diffused the crisis

Result of Nullification

• S.C. became committed to secession in protest of slavery issue

• began to recruit other Southern states

Indian Removal (1831-33)

• Georgia, Florida, Illinois conflicts w/farmers and expansionJackson's "humane" policy of removal beyond Miss. R. (Ark. Territory)

Cherokee Nation

• farmers, cattle raising

• written language

• constitution

Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)

• John Marshal ruled Indians under national control not state

• Jackson supported removal

Trail of Tears

• 4,000 of 15,000 Cherokees died

Whig Presidency (Election of 1840)

• defeated Van Buren

• Wm. Henry Harrison

• V.P. John Tyler - West "Tippecanoe"

• Harrison died and Tyler replaces as Pres.

National Economy

• Industrial Revolution"

First Factory

• Samuel Slater installed 1st U.S. textile mill (1790)

• Francis Lowell

• mills in Lowell, Mass. (1813)

• used water power

"Put Out"

• system of handcraftsmen

• household mfg.

South

• cotton was single crop economy "expansive force"

• Eli Whitney's gin (1793)

Slavery

• in south

Transportation

• the steamboat (1790) cut transportation costs

• transformed southern agriculture and profits/ exports

Steamboat (1807)

• Robt. Fulton constructed Clermont

• engine, boiler, paddle wheel

• upstream Miss. R. from N. Orleans

• freight costs fell, created NW market boom

The Erie Canal

The Erie Canal

• N.Y. Mayor DeWitt Clinton (1810) - N.Y. aid

• Erie Canal from Buffalo on Lake Erie to Hudson

• 363 miles, locks, completed 1825

Impact of Erie Canal

• N.Y. prosperity, growth, largest city

• stimulated a nationwide canal boom

• Miss. River markets now open to Atlantic

Pres John Tyler (1840)

• V.P. after Harrison died in office

• Not elected as pres. by Whigs or Democrats; weak

• Retained Harrison's cabinet

• BUT: vetoed Bank of U.S. - entire cabinet resigned (except Webster)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

• England on Canadian border

• Vague boundary from Peace of Paris 1783 (Atlantic or St. Lawrence)

• Aroostook Valley - timber and military road

• "Aroostook War" - Mass. and N. Brunswick militia stalemate

• British anti-slavery on high seas - to board U.S. ships

Treaty Results

• Mutual Concessions:

• Webster conceded Maine lands

• Lord Ashburton conceded Lake of the Woods - Superior (iron ore)

Treaty Precedent

• mutual concessions

• Br. investments in U.S.

• peace

Manifest Destiny

• expansionist sentiment

• Louisiana Purchase

Tenets of Concept

• continental expansion

• Defeated Indians, forests, land

• Racial superiority - God's chosen

• Democratic Institutions

• Editor John L. O'sullivan (1845) coined "manifest destiny"

Texas Annexation

• pro-slavery question

Tejano Colonization

• Anglo-Colonists followed Stephen F. Austin (1821)

• Retained U.S. loyalties

• Protestant, English lang., slavery, resistance to Mex. govt. in Tex

Law of April 6, 1830

• prohibited further U.S. immigration

• violated, Anglo immigration overwhelmed Tejanos

• smuggling

Texas Independence (Mar. 2, 1836)

• Sam Houston, Pres. Republic of Texas

• Alamo - Santa Anna

• San Jacinto (April 21, 1836)

• Tyler alienated North

– appt'd. Calhoun, Secretary of State

"Oregon Fever"

• California & Oregon Trail

• Richard Henry Dana, Two Years Before the Mast (1840)

• described Californio grandees and idyllic lifestyle

Oregon Trail

• Willamette Valley - explored by Lewis & Clark

• rich soils, forests, fishing, harbors

• Pacific harbors (Golden Gate, San Diego, Monterey, Puget Sound)

• Trade with Orient

Election of 1844

• Clay (Whig) & Van Buren (Demo.)

• lost to "Dark Horse" James K. Polk

• Polk "Young Hickory" expansionist i.e. Jacksonian

Polk’s campaign

• issue was Re-Annex Texas

• Victory assured annexation

• ERGO: war with Mexico

• Joint Resolution in Dec. 1845

• SIGN: Mandate for Expansion

The Mexican War (1846 - 1848)

• Polk's election (1844) was mandate for expansion

• rejected Min. John Slidell offer

• $30 mil. for N. Mex. & Calif.

• recognize Texas annexation, Rio Grande boundary

Proud Mexico

• Mexico was weak, smaller, ill-equiped, proud press demanded war

• Mexico reasserts claim to Texas

Gen Zachary Taylor (July, 1845)

• to Corpus Christi

• 1,500 troops & West Point officers

• took North Mexico (Battles of Palo Alto & Resaca de la Palma)

• into Buena Vista to hold Northern Mexico

Gen. Winfield Scott

• Vera Cruz to Mex., D.F.

• Nicholas P. Trist accompanied Scott for treaty

• “Bear Flag” Republic

• apt. John FrŽmont in California

Opposition to war

• Abraham Lincoln vs war "Show me the spot."

• abolitionists ashamed

• Irish regimented defected

• Ni–os Heroes

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• 1848

• peace

• Rio Grande boundary

• Mexico cedes N. Mex. & Calif.

• $15 mil. + U.S. assumes claims of Americans vs Mex.

• Ratified (All-Mexico Movement)

Treaty Impact

• major land acquisition

• absorb Mexican-American population

• alienated Mexico

• legacy of resentment

• assured Taylor's election in 1848 (Whig, weak president)

Compromise of 1850

• Calif. and territories - admission

• Sectional lines crystallized vs partisanship

• Slavery became a moral issue i.e. freedom's cause,

• fugitive slaves

• slave trade

Wilmot Proviso to (1846)

• David Wilmot

• to prohibit slavery in new territories from Mexico

• defeated, but strong North support agitated the South

"Popular Sovereignty"

• by Calhoun & Sen. Lewis Cass

• only proposed

Mexican Americans

• in Calif. and territories became minority

• "Greasers" and discrimination

• land dispossession, land lawyers, Anglo merchants/capitalists

• protection under Guadalupe Hidalgo

Compromise of 1850

• Calif. Gold Rush (80K)

• drew up statehood application

Sen. Clay’s compromise bill

• 1. Calif. admitted as free state

• 2. N. Mex. & Utah territories estab. with no mention of slavery

• 3. Texas gets $10 mil. to pay off its debt (boundary)

• 4. Slave trade abolished in Distr. of Columbia

• 5. Fugitive Slave Act strengthened

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Harriet Beecher Stowe

• written in reaction to abolitionist sentiment

• distorted stereotypes

• worldwide success, North and

• staged worldwide to new audience

• little literary merit, but commercial success

Impact of “Uncle Tom”

• agitated the South

• depicted slaves as people; made slavery a moral issue for first time

• strengthened abolitionists

• crystallized issue of slavery as unjust

Election of 1852

• "Dark Horse" Franklin Pierce (Demo.)

• split the Whig Party by alienating "Cotton Whigs" to the Democratic Party

• committed Stephen Douglas to popular sovereignty

• Pierce was a weak president

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• to create the Nebraska territory

• Sen. Stephen Douglas wanted Nebraska Territory

• to establish territorial administration

• he was land speculator, R.R. stock owner of Illinois Central

Douglas’ Objectives

• wanted Chicago terminus to the transcontinental line

• to push the Indians out of Nebraska for the R.R. and farming

Ja. Gadsen Purchase (1853)

• had opened southern route

• Southerners strengthened for their route

Repeal of 36¡30'

• Douglas proposes repeal of 36¡30' of Missouri Compromise

• to appeal to South for his presidential ambitions

• all southerners supported it regardless of party

• Pierce pushed passage thru

Impact of Kansas-Nebraska Act

• radical reaction in the North bcs. it violated Missouri Compromise

• reinforced party line over sectional line

• led to violence of "Bleeding Kansas"

Significance of K-N Act

• led to party realignment i.e. Republican Party formation

• Democrats lost most Northern congressional seats

• strengthened the Know Nothing nativists

• on sectional lines alone

Popular sovreignty

• contradiction i.e. not citizens yet voting under Const.

• dismissed Congress control of territories (N.W. Ordinance)

"Bleeding Kansas"

• Proslavery Election (Nov., 1854)

• 5,000 Missourians into Kansas

• proslavery delegate sent to congress

• pro-territorial legislature elected

• slave code and anti-abolitionist laws

Topeka Free-state election (1856) held

• Pierce denounced it as illegal

• sacked by pro-slavery settlers (May)

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

• by John Brown "deranged free-soiler"

• killed 5

• led to "Bleeding Kansas" 200 deaths

• federal troops forced Brown into hiding

Impact of Kansas Violence

• open violence on issue

• Pres. Pierce lost credibility by partisan actions

• Lincoln coined phrase "irrepressible conflict"

Sumner-Brooks Affair

• violence in the Senate (1856)

• Sen. Charles Sumner (Mass.) critical of Douglas and Sen. Andrew Butler

• Rep. Preston Brooks (S.C.) beat Sumner with a cane

• Southerners joked

• Northerners reinforced stereotype of brutal slaveowners

James Buchanan

• 1856 as a Demo.

• out of the country during Compromise of 1850

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• 1858 Senatorial race

• Lincoln emerged as "man of the people"

• superior intellect

• moderate, fair, moral force

• stern against slavery, but compassionate to slaveowner

Douglas image tainted

• attacked Lincoln as an abolitionist for racial equality

• adopted the Freeport doctrine (slavery OK in the territories)

• determined Lincoln's victory in Election of 1860

John Brown's Raid (1859)

• Harper's Ferry, VA arsenal to arm slaves

• slave war, but mentally incompetent

• captured, death by hanging

• Martyr in the North because of "dignity" during the trial; became "hero"

Impact of Raid

• South panicked and outraged

• issues became emotionalized, stereotypes reinforced

Election of 1860

• Lincoln won despite no campaign

• won electoral votes, not popular majority

• Douglas (Demo.) pro-union

Secession

• Lower South seceded (six)

• Ala., S.C., etc.

• Lincoln thought they were bluffing

John Crittendon Amendment (to Const.)

• recognize slavery below 36¡30'

• Lincoln refused

Secession states estab. Confederate States of America

• elected Jeff Davis, Pres.

• took federal properties, arsenals, took Fort Sumpter, S.C.

• established diplomatic relations

Civil War

• Lincoln called up 75,000 volunteers

• war began

Reconstruction

• reintegration of So. states & blacks

• Bibliography:

– Nancy Woloch, Women & the American Experience - unification of suffrage movement

– Kenneth M. Stampp, Era of Reconstruction

– John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War

– David Donald, Politics of Reconstruction - best on Presidential Reconstr.

Lincoln Proclamation

• Dec. 8, 1863

• "general policy" of pardon

Lincoln's 10% Plan

• loyalty oath

• 10% of voters (based on 1860 election), estab. state gov't.

• state constitution must include freedom & education of slaves

• not vindictive, not accepted by Congress

Wade-Davis bill (1864)

• vetoed by Lincoln

• majority of voters loyalty oath

• barred Confederate officials & those who "bore arms"

Pres. Andrew Johnson

• Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865

• a "Lone Wolf" Democrat alienated N & S

Johnson’s Plan

• proposed loyalty oath by 10%

• barred some like rich planters

• encouraged by southern acceptance of 13th Amendment that abolished involuntary servitude i.e. slavery

Radical Republicans

• Controlled Congress

• Sumner, Stephens, Geo. Julian, Ind.

• “wave the bloody shirt”

Southerners

• resisted N. government

• elected CSA officials i.e. Sen. Alex Stephens, CSA, V-P

• Black Codes - alarmed Northerners

• Bibliography: C. Vann Woodward, Strange Career of Jim Crow - post-war race relations

Black Codes

• to reinforce white supremacy

• blacks can't bear arms, public office, intermarry

• ltd. to farm & domestic labor

• annual labor contract

• "hired out" by courts for fines for vagrancy

14th Amendment (1866)

• defined citizenship, “persons” due process, restricted states, equal protection

• barred CSA officials, reduced representation

• repudiated CSA debt, enforcement power

• ratification as a prerequisite

• confirmation of Senate

• SIGNIFICANCE:

• power shift, women’s rights

Radical Reconstruction (Acts)

• Freedmen's Bureau strengthened

• Civil Rights Act 1866 passed over Johnson's veto

• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided So. into 5 mil distr w/Genl.

• Tenure of Office Act

• Force Acts (1870) against KKK

Impeachment

• for firing Sect. War Edwin Stanton (1868)

Fifteenth Amendment

• citizen cannot be denied vote for previous servitude

• opposed by Anthony-Stanton

Black Reconstruction

• 14 Reps (Rep. Revels)

• 2 Sen.

• state legislators

Reconstruction in the South

• Carpetbaggers

• Scalawags

• New South Redeemers

– power brokers, planters, merchants, middle class politicians, white supremacy

• crop lien system

– sharecropping, tanants

Compromise of 1877

• 1876 Election between R. B. Hayes (R, Ohio) and Samuel J. Tilden (D, NY)

• Tilden won popular vote, but 3 states contested (S.C., Fla., La.)

• special electoral commission voted 8-7 for Hayes

• but Dem. House delayed ratification

Informal Compromise

• Hayes elected

• remove troops from south

• allow "home rule" South internal affairs

• appoint Southerner to high official position

Compromise Problems

• African Americans abandoned

• refused to address issue of race

Compromise Significance

• Federal Govt. in hands of business oriented Republicans

• Constitution amended to support free labor and corporate structure

• Women and minority political status unresolved

• Reconstruction ended peacefully by mutual concession

• "New South" business/political leaders left to "home rule"

Final Exam Thur., July 2

• (Ch.10, 12, 14, 15, 16)

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Marshall Court

• Jacksonian Democracy

• Compromise of 1850

• Compromise of 1877

• Kansas-Nebraska Act