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 Fall 2001
 
 Lecture Notes: U.S. History II

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Click here for Online Study Guide of Divine, America Past and Present
Including: 
 * chapter summary
 * sample test questions

* glossary U.S. History II

• Dr. Andres Tijerina

• Austin Community College

Introduction

• Personal Objectives

• The Course Objectives

The Syllabus

• Grades

• Attendance

• Textbook

• Office

• Special Needs

• Withdrawal

• Academic Dishonesty

• Incomplete Grades

Skills in History

• Reading

- maps, dictionary

- read

- take notes

- study your notes

• Listening (Lecture Notes)

• Writing (Book Report, Exams)

• Research (Book Report)

• Testing

Reconstruction

• reintegration of So. states & blacks

• Bibliography:

- Nancy Woloch, Women & the American Experience - unification of suffrage

movement

- Kenneth M. Stampp, Era of Reconstruction

- John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War

- David Donald, Politics of Reconstruction - best on Presidential Reconstr.

Lincoln Proclamation

• Dec. 8, 1863 pardon

• loyalty oath

• 10% of voters (based on 1860 election), estab. state gov't.

• state constitution must include freedom & education of slaves

• not vindictive, not accepted by Congress

Wade-Davis bill (1864)

• vetoed by Lincoln

• majority of voters loyalty oath

• barred Confederate officials & those who "bore arms"

Pres. Andrew Johnson

• Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865

• a "Lone Wolf" Democrat alienated N & S

• continued 10% Plan

• 13th Amendment that abolished involuntary servitude i.e. slavery

Radical Republicans

• Controlled Congress

• Sumner, Stephens, Geo. Julian, Ind.

• "wave the bloody shirt"

Southerners

• resisted N. government

• elected CSA officials i.e. Sen. Alex Stephens, CSA, V-P

• Black Codes - alarmed Northerners

• Bibliography: C. Vann Woodward, Strange Career of Jim Crow - post-war race

relations

Black Codes

• to reinforce white supremacy

• blacks can't bear arms, public office, intermarry

• ltd. to farm & domestic labor

• annual labor contract

• "hired out" by courts for fines for vagrancy

14th Amendment (1866)

• defined citizenship, "persons" due process, restricted states, equal protection

• barred CSA officials, reduced representation

• repudiated CSA debt, enforcement power

• ratification as a prerequisite

• confirmation of Senate

• SIGNIFICANCE:

• power shift, women's rights

Radical Reconstruction (Acts)

• Freedmen's Bureau strengthened

• Civil Rights Act 1866 passed over Johnson's veto

• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided So. into 5 mil distr w/Genl.

• Tenure of Office Act

• Force Acts (1870) against KKK

Impeachment

• for firing Sect. War Edwin Stanton (1868)

Fifteenth Amendment

• citizen cannot be denied vote for previous servitude

• opposed by Anthony-Stanton

Reconstruction in the South

• Black Reconstruction

• Carpetbaggers & Scalawags

• New South Redeemers

- power brokers, planters, merchants, middle class politicians, white supremacy

• crop lien system

- sharecropping, tanants

Compromise of 1877

• 1876 Election between R. B. Hayes (R, Ohio) and Samuel J. Tilden (D, NY)

• Tilden won popular vote, but 3 states contested (S.C., Fla., La.)

• special electoral commission voted 8-7 for Hayes

• but Dem. House delayed ratification

Informal Compromise

• Hayes elected

• remove troops from south

• allow "home rule" South internal affairs

• appoint Southerner to high official position

Compromise Problems

• African Americans abandoned

• refused to address issue of race

Compromise Significance

• Federal Govt. in hands of business oriented Republicans

• Constitution amended to support free labor and corporate structure

• Women and minority political status unresolved

• Reconstruction ended peacefully by mutual concession

• "New South" business/political leaders left to "home rule"

Atlanta Compromise

• B.T. Washington speech to mixed audience

• poll tax, literacy test, understanding clause, lynching, KKK

• Civil Rights Cases (1883) repealed Civil Rights Acts barring segregation

"Jim Crow"

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) separate but equal is OK

• led to total segregation legally (hosp., cem., educ.,

• crystallized stereotype (joke, myths, newspapers, mags, theories)

Lynching - peaked 1865-1890

• (1% black Texans)

Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (1901)

• Tuskegee Institute for vocational skills

• Atlanta Compromise (1895) mixed audience for financial support

- "Cast your buckets where you are."

• accommodation vs confrontation, BUT voting & political leadership

• W.E.B. DuBois

The West

• Frederick Jackson Turner

Native American Tribes

• Plains: Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho, Pawnee

• Texas, N.Mex: Comanche, Apache, and Kiowa

2. Concentration Policy (1851)

• Chivington Massacre, Colo. (1864)

• Bozeman Trail led to warpath

3. Reservation Policy (1867)

• Sioux War: Custer, Nez Perce, Wounded Knee (1890)

• Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

4. Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

• novels of "noble savage"

• Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor (1881) bitterly critical

• 160 A in 25-yr. trust, citizenship, education

• BUT: buffalo, transcontinental RR, mustang

Homesteads

• Homestead Act of 1862 -- 160 A $10 reg, 5 yrs. cultivate

• Timber Culture Act (1873) - additional 160 A to plant trees - succeeded

• Desert Land Act (1877) - 640 A @ $1.25/A to irrigate

• Timber and Stone Act (1878) - 160 A of forested land

Homesteads (later)

• National Reclamation Act (1902) - irrigation projects, dams, canals

• BUT: speculators, corporations got billions of acres of western lands

• two-thirds homesteads failed

Mining Bonanza

• Comstock Lode (1859) Nevada

• John Mackay "Big Bonanza" (1873)

• Black Hills Dakota Terr. (1874)

Miner's Assn.

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), Foreign Miner's Tax

• riots, vigilante committees

Significance of Mining

• boosted economy

• funded Civil War

• economic base for industrialization

• rapidly populated West

• spurred political organization

Cattle Kingdom

• Escandon settlements

• Second Tier

• Texas Revolution/Mexican War

• Trauma (Cart War, Miller-Bourland, Cortina, Martinez family

Tejano Society

• Hidden Transcript of James C. Scott, Domination & Art of Resistance

• codes to criticize the use of power by doms, saturnalia

• dominants use parades, celebrations, heroes, show of magnanimity

• Cortina, Benavides, Canales

Ranch Life

• - casa de sillar, jacal, noria con buque

• extended family: land, pride, social welfare, compadrazgo

• language

• music, Cinco de Mayo, Zaragoza

• religion: chapels, Virgen de Guad., San Juan, Don Pedrito

Cattle Trails

• Chisolm

• Goodnight-Loving

• Western

Tejano Longhorns

• $4 - $40/ head

• Chisholm Trails 6 mil. cattle driven

• drive, brand, rodeo

• Cattlemen's Assn.

Decline of Cattle

• barbed wire (Jos. Glidden, 1874)

• winters of '86, '87

• refrigerated cars

• breeding

• Canadian capitalists, commercial farming

Commercial Farming

• Techn. Improvements: barbed wire, windmill, dry farming, plow

• mechanical harvesters and balers

• BUT: drought, failure, RR rebates,

• Migration: Oklahoma Territory, Rio Grande Valley

Modern America

• Industrialization ( 4% annual GNP growth)

• Natural Resources: coal, iron, timber, petroleum, waterpower

• immigration, population growth (1900 pop. 76 mil.)

• protective govt. policies and tariffs (European investors)

• entrepreneurs (Northeast)

RAILROADS

• most significant economic growth; Alf. Chandler "1st big business"

• opened international markets, new cities, mass consumption

1. Government Support

• billions + land grants (local, state, fed)

• Credit Mobilier, Union Pac. constr. co. stock to govt. officials

2. Trunk lines

• consolidation for major mkts. owned 90% track

• Standardization (4 1/2' gauge, schedules, time zones, signals)

• B.&O., Erie, NYC, Pennsylvania

3. Technological improvements

• couplers, air brakes, refrig. cars, Pullman Sleeper, electric switches

4. Transcontinental RR

• Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

• Central Pacific (SF) - Union Pacific (Omaha)

• Northern Pacific (Min. - Ore.), AT&SF (KC - LA), So. Pac (N Orl - SF)

5. Cutthroat Competition

• discrimination, rebates, discounts, bribery, passes, consolidation

• J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, financier, traffic-sharing agreement

• brought profits and stability

6. Secondary Industries

• STEEL

1. Improvements

• Bessemer forced air to burn off carbon impurities

• vertical integration: ore, barges, furnaces, rolling mills, retail

2. Leadership

• Andrew Carnegie, Scotish immigrant, built Carnegie Steel at Homestead, PA

• JP Morgan bought him out and built US Steel Corp

OIL

• initially kerosene and heating oil

• later lubricants, grease, oil, paint, naptha, varnish

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil

• consolidatioin, ruthless, self righteous, meticulous detail, mgt

• industrial spies, vertical integration

• the trust, a board holding trust certificates of all elements of Standard Oil

• later the holding company held stock in subsidiary corporations

• led to holding copanies and trusts in Amer. Sugar Refin, North. Sec.

INVENTIONS

• Thomas A. Edison light bulb, phonograph,;

• Geo. Eastman film and Kodak camera

• Telephone by Alex Graham Bell (1876) led to AT&T

• Geo. Westinghouse invented air brake and hi voltage > Westinghouse Elec. Co.

RETAIL

• Advertising, installment payments

• Macy's Department Store, Marshall Field, "chain stores" A&P, Woolworth

• Sears & Roebuck

Reaction to Business:

• *Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) to regulate railroads

• first fed. regl. commsn.; prohibit rebates

• publish rates, investigate records, cease & desist; model for regl. commsn.; reform

• BUT: no teeth, no enforcement authority

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

• prohibit "in restraint of trade"

• BUT: U.S. vs E.C. Knight Co. (1895) mfg. not trade or restrain trade

Labor Unions

1. Knights of Labor

• Uriah Stephens (Phila.) 1870s

• Terence Powderly (1879) invited all sex, creed, skills

• no bankers or those who didn't "toil"

• political platform: 8-hr. day, child labor, reforms, wage system

• secret ritual

Union Growth & Decline

• Knights grew to 730,000 by 1886

Haymarket Square Riot (1886) led to decline

• bomb

• policemen injured and killed

• labor blamed by press

• major factor in decline

AF of L

• Samuel Gompers

• trade unions dedicated to economic "bread & butter" issues

• the strike

• wages and conditions

• to 1 million by 1900, but no minorities or women

Labor Violence

• Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (1892) and Homestead Steel Plant ('92) violence

• violent riots killed guards and strikers; alienated public, press

• Henry Clay Frick yard boss and Pinkertons

1894 Pullman Car Co. Chicago strike

• Pres. Cleveland sent fed. troops to ensure mails

• broke strike

• jailed Eugene V. Debs

• used injunction vs strike

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act vs unions "restraint"

The Gilded Age

• Mark Twain coined phrase

1. Social Darwinism:

• Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species (1859) - natural selection

• Wm. Graham Sumner, Yale sociologist applied it to business/society

2. New Immigrants -

• recruiters padrones & coyotes

• S&E Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia, Romania)

• Catholic, darker, socialist, Ellis Is.

• nativism vs darker races to assimilate

• Ellis Is., ethnic ghettos, tenements, unskilled constr. and factory work

3. Rise of The City

• Immigration & industry attracted to cities

• (1/2 U.S. urban by 1910)

• Ethnic Neighborhood "ghetto" and "barrio"

• Italian , Greek, Russian Jew, Polish, Chinese, Mexican

• traditional culture: newspapers, church, bakery, school, assn.

The Dumbell Tenement

• sewers, water lines, dirt streets, garbage

• crime, gangs, alcohol

White Flight:

• wealthy abdicated gov't

• moved to "Nob Hill"

Political Boss

• Ward boss often Irish "Big Tim Sullivan"

• Tammany Hall (NY) Richard Croker & Geo. Wash. Plunkitt "honest graft"

• Tweed Ring, Wm. Marcy Tweed

• Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall

• Even Anders, Boss Rule in South Texas

• Duke of Duval

Services:

• job, food, legal aid, home fire

• BUT: political support, vote, tribute on gambling

• city contracts, kicikbacks, bribes, absentee landlords

Urban Improvemtents

• paved streets, street lighting, sewage

• Electric trolley - expanded size; shifted pop. , suburbs

• steel frame buildings & steel cable bridges

• also cultural development: theater, public park, museums

REFORMS:

• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) social problems

- TB rate, infant mortality (3/5 deaths), gangs, crime

Jane Addams, Chicago

• Hull House (1889), day care, playground, ref.

• social workers, college educated young women's"career"

• Dwight Moody, evangelist, estab. missions in slums

BUT: materialism & "progress"

• not development

• no distr. of resources/wealth

American Commonwealth

• weak presidents - strong Senate

• Grant & Hayes - admin was failure i.e. Compromise of 1877

• Ja. A. Garfield - assassinated then Ches. A. Arthur

• Grover Cleveland (Demo.) - 2 unconsequetive terms

Weak Political parties

• no split between Democrats & Republicans

• Avoided real stand on issues to broaden appeal

• campaigns like carnival atmosphere , BBQ, brass band

3. Issues

• a. "Bloody Shirt" - Civil War hatred vs South, black rights

• b. Tariff -manufactureres kept it high; overprotection

• c. Civil Service Reform - corruption, bribes, patronage

Pendleton Act (1883)

• classified 10% govt. jobs

• created Civil Service commission

• competitive examination

• prohibited forced political contributions

Impact of Pendleton Act

• Civ. Svc. became more professional

• better educated, trained civil servants

• entrenched bureaucracy

4. Currency Reform - deflation caused need for paper money

• greenbacks & silver coinage demanded by farmers

Populism

• Farmers Alliance (1877) Lampasas

• Farmers decline: production & pop. rise, but prices decline; hicks

• coops, but no capital

• Wizard of Oz symbolism

• profits gobbled up by RR & middlemen

Populist Party (1892)

• met in St. Loius, MO

• labor, farmers for greenbacks & silver vs Eastern finance

• graduated income tax, initiative, reform, nationalize RR & telephone

• BUT Failed 1892 Election by racial prejudice and labor remaining aloof

Election of 1896

• Silver issue dominated election

• Populists accepted Demo. candidate Wm. Jennings Bryan

• promoted silver and gold coinage at 16:1 ratio

• Populists lost identity as farmers and platform

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1894) to buy & coin silver

• did not succeed in raising value of silver

Republicans

• Nom. Wm. McKinley, mil., businessman

• Marcus Alonzo Hanna, Ohio businessman, campaign dir.

• fundraising the key issue i.e. campaign fund

• big business, campaign literature, neswpapers

• party organization, press statements prepared

Republican McKinley won Election of 1896

• united business with labor vote, Northern business

• Pupulists lost election and identity

• Fourteenth Amendment

• Compromise of 1877

• Knights of Labor

• Atlanta Compromise

• Dawes Severalty Act

• I.C.C.

• Populism

• Cattle Kingdom