Progressives

• social reforms

• political

• economic

Reform conditions

• political corruption, living conditions

• big business (US Steel, Int'l Harvester) trusts

• failure of I.C.C., Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• social welfare: child/women labor, safety

Middle Class reaction to boss politics

• professionals, ministers, professors, educators

• urban

Muckrakers

• magazine reporters

• Ida Tarbell vs Standard Oil

• Lincoln Steffens vs big city political boss machine

McClures magazine, Atlantic Monthly

• attacked corruption in insurance industry, prostitution

• distorted, scandalized, lurid, raked muck

• SIGN: sold millions, created reform movements, drew supporters

Progressive Reforms

• in Politics

Cities

• i.e. political machines, prostitution, illegal liquor license

• began to pass "home rule" charters for local control

• City Mgr. - trained professional; non-political, city administrators “Galveston Plan”

States:

• lobbying

• special interest legislation

• patronage

Robt. M. LaFollette, Wis. Gov. (1900) - reform state govt.

• established direct primary, limits to campaign spending & lobbying

• created R.R. Commission, Public Utilities Comm. (set utility rates)

• led to "Wisconsin Idea" in other states i.e. commission

• other states established initiative & referendum by 1914

3. National level

• Congress: 17th Amendment (1913) direct election of Senators

• Party caucus names appointees, not Speaker

Women's Suffrage

• Progressives accomplished it

• 19th Amendment in 1918 ratified by 1920

Eliz. Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

• Nat'l. Womens Suff. Assn.

• women's suffrage and women's rights i.e. wages

• good arguments but splintered issues, like "moral superiority"

Nat'l. Amer. Wom. Suff. Assn. (1890)

• formed by merger with other organizations

• implemented state-by-state approach and started winning

• focus strictly on suffrage

• got Congressional amendment in 1918

SIGNIFICANCE of Women’s Suffrage

• Accomplished by Progressives, single issue

• amendment vs state laws or judicial

Social Reforms by States

• Address social problems: child labor, 10-hr. day

• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911, N.Y.) 150 women

• city and state building codes, but piecemeal regs. failed to solve it

Theodore Roosevelt

• "Trust Buster'

• McKinley assassinated in 1901

• Dynamic, undignified, outspoken "cowboy" - Exec. power

Trust-Buster vs Northern Securities Co. (1902)

• incl. Great Northern R.R., No. Pac., Union Pac. + So. Pac.

• ordered Justice Dept. , Atty. Genl. to sue Northern Securities

• Supreme Court odered (1904) dissolution

Other Trust Cases

• also Standard Oil, Amer. Tobacco, meat packers

• later "Gentleman's Agreement" against U.S. Steel and I.H.

• access to records to avoid suits

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

• Executive power

• threatened fed. troops to run mines, appointed comm. to arbitrate

• fed. govt. intervention in labor dispute, rep. nat'l. interest, arbitrate

T.R. Elected 1904

• with landslide mandate for more reform

T.R. Reform Legislation

• Hepburn Act (1906) strengthened (ICC) against railroads

• inspect RR books, set max. rates, no passes

• Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

• meat inspection, fraudulent labels on products

"Bull Moose" Progressive Republican Party

• T.R. chose Wm. H. Taft to succeed in 1908

• Taft lacked Progressive Spirit and vigor

• increased Sherman Anti-Trust Act to stop rate increases

• fired Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester, alienated conservationists

T.R. returned from Africa

• split Republican Party

• strong national govt. to "control" business

Election of 1912

• Democrats won

• Woodrow Wilson, idealist, social justice, Princeton

• free enterprise, regulation

Wilson's "New Freedom"

• Underwood Tariff (1913) reduced duties since Civil War

– but implemented graduated income tax (16th Amend., 1913)

Federal Reserve Act

• central banking system

• Federal Reserve Bank with Fed. Reserve Bd. and Chm.

• 12 banking districts

• regulate volume of currency by fed. res. notes and credit %

• SIGN: didn't weaken N.Y. bank power

• true national central banking system

Federal Trade Commission (1914)

• to regulate corporations

• investigate corporate books, publish reports

• issue cease & desist orders for "unfair" trade

• SIGN: powerful fed. instrument

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• exempt labor from Sherman

Wilson’s Presidential Power

• with Congress and the people

• diss. on "Congressional Government"

• on Pres. as 'party leader" and directing legislation

• management of Congress (address, ph., memo), patronage

Wilson’s Record with Blacks

• excluded Black rights

• Wilson anti-Black

• Progressive neglect Blacks; segregation more rigid, lynching

"The Niagara Movement" (1905)

• African-American leaders conference

• W.E. B. DuBois "militant" Souls of Black Folk (1903) vs B.T. Washington

• "talented tenth" Exceptions"Men" to save the Negro race

• resolutions: unrestricted vote, no segregation, equal opportunity

NAACP

• later established by same liberals (1909)

• Jane Addams, Lincoln Steffens, John Dewey

• to eradicate racial discrimination

LULAC

• 1911 Congreso Mejicanista “Mexicanist Congress”

– end to segregation, violence, discrimination

• 1929 coalition

• citizenship

• school boards, city council, grand jury

WWI

• W. Wilson moralistic idealist (son of Presbyterian min., Princeton Pres.)

• Pershing Expedition (1916) to punish Pancho Villa

• U.S. intervention in Mex. Civil War; humiliated Wilson

Lusitania (1915)

• 1,200 incl. 125 U.S.

• U-Boats & Sussex Pledge (1916)

War Mobilizatin 2.8 mil. in 1917

• Lusitania

• League of Nations

Red Scare

• summer 1919, contracts, vets

• A. Mitchell Palmer

• Bolsheviks “Reds”

• immigration laws, Nat’l. Quota Act 1924

• raids violate civil rights

NORMALCY

• coined by Harding

1. Harding

• weak President BUT efficient Cabinet

• Chas. Evans Hughes - Sect. of State

• Herbert Hoover - Commerce

• Adnrew Mellon - Treasury

• Henry Wallace - Agriculture

"Ohio Gang"

• poker & liquour patronage in Veterans Bureau & Interior

Teapot Dome Scandal

• Albert B. Fall, Interior

• (1921) kickbacks from oil companies

• prison terms

• revealed incompentence of Harding

Coolidge (1924 Republican election)

• Prosperity, laissez faire, high employment

• mechanization, electric power, assy. line prod.

• advertising & sales (installment plan)

• consumer goods; refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, automobile

Auto Industry

• (Ford) assembly line; $300 price

• 9,000 cars/day by Ford

• secondary industry (rubber, glass, spark plug, paint, etc.)

• wages higher

Airplane (1903)

• Wilber & Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, NC

• Charles Lindbergh (N.Y. - Paris, 1927)

• new transport & passenger industry

3. Roaring Twenties Culture - movies, live radio, Gatsby

• "New" Woman flappers with short skirts, jobs, cars, and the vote

• "New Negro" exodus to NY, Chicago, Phila., Harlem, "largest black city

• BUT: women jobs doubled std. (teacher, clerk, domestic), not equality

Society in Transition

Scopes Monkey Trial

• Tenessee, 1925

• Evolution

• Clarence Darrow techniques

• Wm. J. Bryan

Sacco & Vanzetti

• anarchist

• revealed racism

• alienated intellectuals

Prohibition

• 18th Amendment

• Volstead Act implemented

• Repealed 1933

The New KKK

• against Jews, Catholics

• Mexicans, Blacks, Japanese

• discredited by scandals

Economic Problems:

• decline in basic industries - cotton, coal , small farming

• corporate consolidation "pyramiding" - 200 corps. control 50% assets

• 1% of U.S. banks control 46% banking business

• trade associations "administer" prices, share policies

Additional Problems

• distribution of income: a few rich families =income of all the poor

• no buying power to buy increased production= inventory

• market speculation by thousands in common stocks

Herbert Hoover (Republican Pres.) elected 1928

• doctrinaire & rigid re govt. meddling in business or welfare

• favored voluntary trade associations; pro-business gov't.

Stock Market Crash (Oct. 29, 1929)

• already Ford laid off 75,000 workers due to no buying power

• led to secondary industry unemployment

• 5,000 banks closed doors in 1930 due to withdrawals

• unemployment rose to 13 million

EXAM 2

• Chapts. 22-27

• Progressives

• Red Scare

• Normalcy

• New Deal

• AAA