TEXAS HISTORY EXAM 1 REVIEW

Austin Community College                 Andres Tijerina

 

The following list of terms will serve as a guide to your studying for the final exam. As a study tool, you should be able to know the meaning (definition) and significance of each. (10 points each)

 

Frontera

Municipality

Enlightenment

Compania Volante

Law of April 6, 1830

Viesca Faction

 

                                               

OBJECTIVE: The following are the issues covered on multiple-choice and true-false questions. (2 points each)

 

Coahuiltecan Indians

Comanches

Reconquista

Castile and Aragon

Coronado

Presidio

Royal Patronage

Ranchos

La Salle

La Bahía

Carrera del gallo

Mestizo

Bourbon Reforms

Peninsulares

Secularization

Miguel Hidalgo

Gutiérrez de Lara

Coahuila y Tejas

Fredonian Rebellion

Mier y Terán

Law of April 6, 1830

Sam Houston

Consultation of 1832

Santa Anna

Travis

 

TEXAS HISTORY 2301

Spring 2000 EXAM 2 REVIEW

Austin Community College                   Andres Tijerina

 

The following list of terms will serve as a guide to your studying for the final exam. As a study tool, you should be able to know the meaning (definition) and significance of each. (10 points each)

 

Cattle Kingdom/Tejano Empire

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

14th Amendment

Compromise of 1877

Santa Fe Expedition

Cortina War

 

                                               

OBJECTIVE: The following are the issues covered on multiple-choice and true-false questions. (2 points each)

 

Juneteenth

Sam Houston

E. J. Davis

Richard Coke

Carpetbaggers

Cart War

Salt War

Battle of Nueces

XIT

Freedman’s Bureau

Charles Sumner

Thirteenth Amendment

Fifteenth Amendment

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Radical Republicans

Thaddeus Stephens

Charles Sumner

Compromise of 1850

Black Codes

 

TEXAS HISTORY 2301

NOTES: History of Texas

The Reconquest

       ** Roman Empire

       ** Tribes of Hispania

       ** Visigoths, Galicians, Asturians

El Cid

Moslem Conquest (711 AD)

       ** Irrigation & wells

       ** merino sheep

       ** coastal municipium

       ** roads, military

       ** wheat, horses, fertilizer

       ** drugs, business math

 

       ** concubinage

Architecture

       ** The Moorish Arch

 

Gardens of Sevilla

Vocabulary:

       ** zurco, aljibe, acequia,

       ** arroz, sandia, azucar, grenada, zanahoria

       ** manzana, alfalfa, garbanzo

       ** ojala, almuhada, alfombra,

Fountains of Granada

       ** azulejo

El Rey Catolico

       ** military king took quinto, cavalry, no prisoners

       ** Patronato Real

       ** Knights Templar:

       ** Alcantara, Santiago, Calatrava

Unification of Spain

       ** Ferdinand and Isabella

       ** Aragon & Castilla

Frontera

       ** despoblado

       ** municipality

       ** missions

       ** presidios

       ** ranching

       ** Santa Hermandad

Municipality

       ** Charter, Plaza, Cabildo, defensive

Spanish Estates

 

 

       ** Las Cortes

       ** nobility (titles, coat of arms)

       ** fueros

       ** church

 

       ** Dominican, Franciscans, cofrad'a

Santa Hermandad

       ** cuadrilleros

       ** Privileges

       ** Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Alcalde Provincial,

       ** Acordada

       ** summary justice, deputization

       ** Fueros

_     cavaller'a, peonia, courts, tax exempt, appointments

European Expansion

       ** The Astrolabe

       ** Prince Henry the Navigator

       ** Columbus

Exploration

       ** Vasco Nu-ez de Balboa

       ** Ponce de Leon (1513)

       ** Cortes (1519)

       ** Panfilo de Narvaez (1528) to Cabeza de Baca & Estevanico

AZTEC EMPIRE

Spanish Conquest

       ** 1519, Cortez, alliance with Tlascalans, Nahuatl, teocentli

       ** coyotl, chocolotl, mesquitl

       ** Guadalupe, mestizo

       ** Mestizaje

       ** Columbian Exchange

 

Northern Frontera

       ** French Threat

       ** La Salle, 1682

       ** claimed Mississippi River basin

Fort St. Louis, 1684

 

       ** Explored Matagorda Bay

Capt. Alonzo de Leon

       ** 1689

       ** explored Nac. area & left

Nacogdoches(1716)

       ** Capt. Domingo Ramon & Louis de Saint-Denis

       ** Saint-Denis, 25 sol., 5 Franciscan priests, 40 men, women, children

       ** presidio & mission Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches

Presidio San Antonio de Bexar

       ** (1718) Martin de Alarcon

Valero, 1718

San Jose

       ** Moorish dome & arches

Concepcion

Espada

       ** Moorish arch in doorway

1721 - LaBah'a

       ** later Goliad

       ** presidio & mission

Acequia & Aqueduct

Los Adaes, Ai

       ** 1721 - presidio at Natchitoches

       ** 1731 - Canary Islanders (55 settlers) San Fernando de BŽxar

JosŽ de Escandon

       ** (1749)

       ** Laredo, Mier, Camargo

       ** stock, ranching frontier

San Sab

       ** (1757)

 

       ** mission

 

       ** presidio

       ** massacre

New Mexico

       ** (1598)

       ** Juan de Onate

       ** Santa Fe

Arizona

       ** "Pimeria Alta"

       ** (1687)

       ** Jesuit Father Eusebio Kino

California

       ** 1775

       ** Juan Bautista de Anza

       ** Missions

Comanche

       ** nomadic

       ** South Plains

       ** buffalo

       ** mustanags

       ** aggressive

Frontera

       ** (not Anglo frontier)

       ** for systematic defense & expansion

 

       ** defensive, despoblado, strict control (census, patrols)

       ** limited settlers, Tlascalans

The SpanishMission

       ** to Christianize & assimilate

       ** BUT: not civilized Aztecs, nomadic Apaches

 

Texas Missions

       ** little or no intermarriage or effect on settlement

 

       ** San Saba massacre, example

Missionization

       ** mass, prayer, indoctination, punishment, field work, construct. labor

Presidio

       ** fort w/garrison

       ** to defend mission & frontera

       ** initially stationary & ineffective tactics

Presidial Soldiers

       ** low pay, poor morale, isolation, old weapons

Rancho

       ** from hacienda

       ** caballer'a or sitio de ganado mayor = 1 sq. league (4,428 A.)

       ** peon'a or sitio de ganado menor = 1,920 A for sheep, goats, hogs

       ** labor (177 A)

Alonzo de Leon (1689)

       ** 200 cattle, 400 horses, 150 mules

       ** Tejano Longhorn

Rancho Tejano    

** vaqueros, chaparejos, lazo, rodeo, brand, drive, coleada, carrera del gallo,

mangana,

 

pial

       ** illicit trade to U.S.

Compa-'a Volante

       ** Flying Squadron

Development

       ** combine Tejano ranch + frontera

 

       ** Council of Santa Hermandad (quadrilleros, ETJ, acordada)

       ** Miguel Velasquez (1710)

       ** Alcalde Provincial, Queretaro

Flying Sqdn. features:

       ** caballada, cortadas, persequir

       ** offensive long-range patrol

       ** local vecinos

       ** deputization

       ** summary justice

Tejano Companies

       ** Victoria - Victorian Guards, Carlos de la Garza

       ** BŽxar - San Fernando Rangers by Mariano Rodriguez, then Juan Seguin

       ** Laredo Ranchero Cavalry - 60 troops under Enrique Villareal

       ** Nacogdoches - Vicente Cordova - 160 troops

Juez de Campo

       ** Mesta assn.

       ** to regulate sale of livestock; arbitrate disputes; pursue rustlers

       ** led to Cattlemen's Assn.

       ** later Texas Rangers

Enlightenment

       ** Bourbon Reforms

Recopilaci-n

       ** Casa De Contratacion

       ** Encomienda

       ** Hacienda, hacendado, tienda de raya

       ** debt peonage

       ** Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Man's Reason

       ** challenged Biblical revelation

       ** Challenged divine right

 

       ** explains NATURE -> Perfection

Rousseau

       ** The Social Contract (1762)

       ** Newton's Principia ((1682)

 

       ** laws of nature govern universe through mathematical measurement

 

Carlos III "Enlightened Despot

       ** initiated reforms

Jose de Galvez

(1765-1771)

       ** estab. intendancy direct to King, free trade

Marques de Rubi (1766)

       ** inspected military on frontera

New Regulations of Presidios (1772)

       ** close missions & presidios

       ** retrench to Bexar and La Bahia, close NAC

       ** Ant.o Gil y Barbo (1774) led 500 back by special permission

       ** Teodoro de Croix (1776) new Commandant Genl. Interior provinces

Enlightenment Impact

       ** secularized missions by 1821

       ** failed to pacify Apaches and Comanches

Independence

       ** Peninsular v Criollo discrimination, no upward political/social mobility

       ** Cortes (Parliament) regency, Napoleon (1808) captured Ferd. VII

Provincial Deputations

       ** New Spain ruled by junta, provinces by diputacion, municipal ayuntamiento

Priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

       ** (Sept. 16, 1810) grito de Dolores, Gto.

       ** led disorganized Indians

 

       ** executed 1811

Juan Bautista de las Casas

       ** led Bexar revolutionaries

       ** BUT defeated, executed by Governor, islenos, royalists

Gutierrez-Magee (1812)

       ** Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara

       ** Agustus Magee, former U.S. Army officer

     

** from Natchitoches to NAC & captured Bex. and Bahia

       ** defeated & executed in 1813 by Jose Joaquin Arredondo

       ** purged insurgents & pillaged by royalists

Texas filibusters

       ** 1801 - Philip Nolan, mustanger executed for plot vs Texas

       ** 1806 - Gen. Ja. Wilkinson forced out of NAC

       ** 1819 - James Long & "patriot army" driven out of Texas

Independence Movement in Texas

       ** major decline in population for 10 yrs. & towns

       ** Texas pop. down to c. 4-5K by 1821

Mexican Independence - Consumation

       ** Cortes authorized Prov. Deputations (1812)

       ** Constitution of 1812

       ** Ferd. VII tried to suspend in 1814, but accepted constitutional monarchy

Agust'n de Iturbide (1821)

       ** declared Empire of Mexico

       ** Agustin I

Santa Anna, Ant.o Lopez de (1823)

       ** overthrew Agust'n I

       ** Plan de Casa Mata, liberal independent, republic, states federation

Spanish Heritage

       ** Land Laws

 

       ** Land Grants

_     sitio de ganado mayor (4,428 A)- League or Caballer'a

_     labor (177 A) - peon'a

       ** Homestead Protection(land, tools, animals, transportation)

 

 

       ** Regal'a (King's fifth)

_     subsoil minerals; 3 leagues into sea

Water Laws

       ** Irrigation practice, law - Doctrine of Prior Appropriation

       ** Pueblo Rights

       ** vocabulary (aljibe, zurco, acequia, naranja, labor)

       ** Spanish of 16th century

Tejano Vocabulary

       ** vide    vi    I saw

       ** truje   traje I brought

       ** naiden  nadie

       ** ansi or asina asi

Moses Austin (1821)

       ** got Iturbide's OK on Colonization Law of Jan. 3, 1823

       ** to sponsor 300 families to Brazos R. site

       ** died

Stephen F. Austin

       ** estaglished San Felipe de Austin (Sealy)

National Colonization Law of Aug. 18, 1824     

       ** (Constitution of 1824)

       ** Mex. Republic

       ** federation power to states to administer public domain

Coahuila y Texas

estab. 1827

       ** issued State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825

       ** sitio league (4,428 A) and a labor(177 A)

       ** exempt from tariff, homestead protection, Christian

       ** empresarios contracts (41 total) administer program

Tejano Regions

       ** Bexar-Goliad ranchos on San ANtonio R. and later Victoria

 

       ** Nac. (50 ranhos by 1830)

       ** RIO GRANDE RANCHING FRONTIER

_     (350 ranches) in wedge by 1820

Anglo colonies

       ** San Felipe de Austin "Old 300"

       ** Baron de Bastrop; Lathrop's demography (Southern, professionals)

       ** Anglo municipalities

Anglo resistance to Mex. laws

       ** Protestant, language, laws, slavery

       ** Fredonian Republic (1826) by Haden Edwards, empresario

       ** defeated but created mutual distrust

       ** DeWitt- DeLeon boundary controversy (1832)

Manuel Mier y Ter‡n (1828)

       ** engineer and Brig. Gen., inspector

       ** reported Anglo resistance to Mex. law

       ** outnumbered Tejanos

Law of April, 1830

       ** cancelled all incomplete empresario contracts

       ** Mier y Teran, comd. Gen. of of C&T, N.L.,and Tamps.

       ** closed all tracts next to U.S.

       ** closed Anglo-American further immigration

       ** estab. new presidios (Tenochtitlan, Velasco, Anahuac) convicts

       ** said no more slaves imported

 

Tejanos and Agust'n Viesca resisted

       ** for economy & capitalism

       ** exception to slavery clause (permanent indentured servants)

       ** tax & tariff exemptions

       ** concessions on cotton gin, textile mill

Viesca's efforts

       ** eventually rescinded (1834)

 

       ** Gomez Farias

       ** committed to liberal federalism & vs Santa Anna Centralism

       ** led to Anglo Consultation of 1832 & 1833

Consultation of 1832

       ** San Felipe, several Anglo municipalities

       ** repeal April 6, 1830 for school land grants, tariff exemptions

       ** Tejanos demurred

       ** but requested judges, bilingual laws, protection

Consultation of 1833

       ** new leaders (Houston, Wm. & John Wharton)

       ** strongly for separation of Coahuila & Texas

       ** Austin arrested in Mexico City for asking as delegate

       ** turning point in Anglo-Tejano commitment

Anglo Immigration grows

       ** San Patricio (1830) because Irish Catholics Ja. McGloin, John McMullen

       ** Refugio (1833) by Ja. Power, Ja. Hewetson

       ** illegal individuals & companies i.e. Galveston Bay & Texas Land Co.

       ** including Lorenzo de Zavala and David Burnet, and Vehlein

       ** 20,700 Anglos by 1834

Viesca Faction

       ** Tejano Liberalism (1833)

       ** Valent'n Gomez Farias, VP, liberal pro-Viesca as Pres.

 

       ** Viescas got repeal of Law of April 6 (May, 1834)

Saltillo Legislature controlled by Viescas

       ** English as legal language

       ** extended empresario contracts

       ** expanded number of courts in Bexar and colonies

       ** trial by jury

       ** - increased to 3 depts. (Bexar, Nac., Brazos) and representatives

       ** secularized missions and distributed lands

 

       ** - authorized 800 leagues to be sold to raise $ for Anglo-Texan militia

Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

       ** Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

       ** Centralism

       ** rise to power in 1834

Gomez-Farias deposed by Santa Anna

       ** Abolished Const. of 1824, dissolve state legislature into mil. depts.

       ** sent Gen. Martin Perfecto Cos (new Comdt. Gen.) to Texas

Anglo-Texans reaction (Austin freed and led to "war party)

       ** Gonzales takes cannon and claims "victory" (1835)

       ** Siege of San Antonio (Dec. 1835) by Ben Milam, then Wm. Travis

       ** Goliad presidio by James Fannin (Cos left ammunition)

Provisional Government

       ** Washington on the Brazos, 1836

General Council

       ** municipality reps.

       ** declared Independence at Washington on the Brazos

       ** against Santa Anna for overthrowing of Const. of 1824

Grievances:

       ** religious freedom, trial by jury, education, defense

       ** signed by de Zavala, Jose Francisco Ruiz, Jo. Anto. Navarr

CAUSES:

       ** clash of American liberty against Mexican control

       ** Mexican internal turmoil, U.S. resources, troops, violate laws

       ** Manifest Destiny, feeling of Mexican inferiority

       ** Issues: Texan,

Alamo

       ** (Feb. 23, 1836, fell March 6)

       ** 1,800 vs 188 after deguello (Moorish)

       ** galvanized racial sentiment

 

Goliad

       ** taken by Jose de Urrea

       ** slaughter 350

"runaway scrape"

Juan N. Seguin

       ** Lt. Col.

       ** Army of the Republic of Texas

       ** Commander

       ** 2d Battalion

San Jacinto (April 21)

       ** 1,500 by 900 of Sam Houston

       ** Juan N. Seguin, Jo. Anto. Menchaca

       ** turning point of Anglo-Saxon U.S. vs. Mexican-Hispanic

The

Lone Star

Republic

of

Texas

       ** boundaries

       ** "citizen soldiers"

       ** county govt

       ** U.S. recognition in '37

Republic Government

       ** 3 branches

       ** democratic republic

       ** regular elections

       ** religious toleration, Protestant

       ** English, Anglo-American

Sam Houston

       ** elected Pres.

 

       ** M.B. Lamar, VP

       ** other experienced in U.S.

Homestead Act (1839)

       ** homestead

       ** tools

       ** animals

       ** protected against debt

The Republic of Texas

       ** $20 Note

Headrights

       ** Tejanos and Anglos claimed grants

       ** pre-emption

       ** Empresario System

       ** but used county govt. struct.

Tejano Influence

       ** Education

       ** community property

       ** adoption, etc.

New settlements & growth

       ** Richmond, Columbus, LaGrange, Dallas, Houston, Castroville

       ** French, German, Swiss, Polish, Czec

       ** Population: 162,500 (incl. 38,000 slaves)

Tejanos in the Republic

       ** San Antonio and Laredo

       ** isolated from Anglo markets

Santa Fe Expedition (1841)

       ** Lamar sent 320 armed + 4 commissioners

       ** trade, claim N. Mex.

       ** then to California

       ** exterminate Indians

 

BUT:

       ** captured

       ** Mexico city prison

Mier Expedition (1842)

       ** Gen. Alex. Somervell

       ** led 750 against Gen. Adr. Woll

       ** 300 fought on to Mier

       ** black bean 17 shot (176 captured)

Mier Significance:

       ** forced to accept weakness

       ** seek annexation

Annexation

       ** Joint Resolution under Pres. John Tyler

       ** 1844 election of Ja. K. Polk

       ** expansionist "dark horse"

Pres. Anson Jones

       ** passed it in Texas (June 1845)

       ** retain public lands to repay debts

       ** James Pinckney Henderson, 1st Gov

War with Mexico (1845)

       ** Gen. Zach. Taylor to C.C

       ** Rangers taught U.S. cavalry

       ** "no prisioners" atrocities

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

       ** confirmed U.S. title to Texas thru California

       ** U.S. paid $18 mil.

       ** Mex. become citizens

       ** property & religion inviolable

Significance of Mexican War

       ** legacy of hostility in Mexico i.e. "Ni-os Heroes"

 

       ** slavery issue

       ** doubled size of U.S. and cut Mexico in half

       ** Mexican American citizen absorbed

Texas Population Regions

       ** 1850 pop. 202,000

       ** 1860: 604,000

East Texas

       ** from Lower South (S.C., LA.)

       ** plantation slavery

       ** cotton, sugar, rice; Houston

North Texas

       ** Upper south (KY, MO, TN)

       ** yoeman farmer

       ** corn, wheat; Dallas

Tejanos in the Republic

       ** San Antonio, Laredo

       ** Rio Grande ranching

Capitalist Penetration

       ** Anglo market domination

       ** merchants and lawyers

       ** U.S. Army Quartermaste

European

       ** 12K Germans, Polish

       ** New Braunfels, Panna Maria

Slave population

       ** tripled bx 1850-1860 from 58K to 182K

       ** Single-export dependence

       ** discouraged industrial mfg.

       ** artisans: carpenters, blacksmith, mason

Transportation

 

       ** inadequate

       ** roads, bridges, and stage lines

       ** old Mexican carretas from Gulf to S.A. to E.P.

       ** scant RR by 1860

Civil War

       ** John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry stirred Southern fears

       ** Cortina Wars raised doubts about Union security

       ** Abe Lincoln's election (1860) led to S.C. secession

Gov. Sam Houston (1859)

       ** pro-union

       ** opposed to secessionist Demos

Texas Secession

       ** Convention, Feb. 1861

       ** deposed Houston; annulled Annexation

       ** Unionists flee Texas or go underground

       ** German Texans staunch pro-union

Texas fortifies

       ** Ben McCulloch occupies S. A. & west arsenals

       ** Col. John S. "Rip" Ford takes coast and Rio Grande

       ** Cotton trade vital to So. economy thru Matamoros

Confederate General

       ** Benj. F. Terry's Rangers

       ** Sul Ross, John Bell Hood

       ** Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, C.S.A.

_     killed at Shiloh

Tejano Confederates

       ** Col. Santos Benavides (Laredo Mayor)

       ** 2,500 Tejanos

German Unionists

       ** 34 massacred by Tex. Rangers

 

Secession

       ** The Texas Flag

       ** C.S.A.

Texas Population

       ** 1850 pop. 202,000

       ** 1860: 604,000

Compromise of 1850

       ** issue of slavery

       ** fugitive slave law

       ** no slave trade in D.C.

       ** California free

       ** no mention of slavery

       ** Texas boundary $10 mil

       **

Sam Houston

       ** (1859) Gov. again

       ** pro-union vs secessionist Demos

Factors leading to war

       ** John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry stirred Southern fears

       ** Cortina Wars raised doubts about Union security

       ** Lincoln's election (1860) led to S.C. secessio

Texas Secession

       ** Convention (Feb., 1861)

       ** deposed Houston

       ** annulled Annexation

       ** Unionists flee Texas or go underground, i.e. Germans

Civil War

       ** Reconstruction

Ben McCulloch

       ** occupies S. A.

 

       ** takes west and federal arsenals

Col. John S. "Rip" Ford

       ** takes coast and Rio Grande

Cotton trade

       ** vital to South's economy

       ** thru Matamoros

Confederate Generals

Tejanos

       ** Col. Santos Benavides (Laredo Mayor) for South

       ** 2,500 Tejanos

German Unionists

       ** massacred by Tex. Rangers

Reconstruction

       ** Presidential

       ** Congressional

       ** Southern States

Three Texas Parties

       ** Republicans

       ** Union Democrats

       ** Secessionist Democrats

Radical Republican

       ** black civil rights

       ** the vote

       ** education

nion Democrats

       ** econ. devl.

       ** tariff

       ** internal improvements

       ** led by Andrew Jackson Hamilton

       ** for union but Texas Democrats

 

Secessionist Democrats

       ** black labor subordination

       ** Throckmorton led Secessionist Demos

       ** coalition w/Union Democrats vs Republicans

Carpetbagger Rule

       ** Northerners into South to rule

       ** scalawags

Gen. Gordon Granger

       ** (at Galveston) mil. cmdr.

       ** issued freedom of slaves June 19, 1865 "Juneteenth"

       ** financial distress of economy; renegades, looters

Lincoln's Proclamation

       ** (Dec., 1863)

       ** 10% voters loyalty oath

       ** apply for statehood

Johnson's Plan

       ** repudiate CSA war debt

       ** barred CSA landowners

       ** ratify 13th Amend (involuntary servitude)

       ** hold constitutional convention (1866)

       ** estab. state govt.

Constitution of 1866

       ** (June 25, 1866)elected new govt.

       ** same as old Const. of 1845 w/o slavery

Problems in Const.

       ** denied blacks vote, education, juries, publ. office (i.e. Black Codes)

       ** Gov. James W. Throckmorton (pro-union, anti-black)

Democrat Coalition

       ** Unionist Democrats coalition with Secessionist Democrats

       ** Sen. Oran M. Roberts, secessionist

 

       ** Throckmorton beat Elisha M. Pease

State Black Codes (1866)

       ** solidify white supremacy

       ** control black labor

       ** contract labor law

       ** strict binding to employer

       ** child indentured servant til age 21

Social Codes

       ** can't intermarry, publ. office, jury, vote, testify

       ** vagrants arrested & paroled to farmers

       ** white violence killed 1% black male population

Freedmen's Bureau (1865)

       ** transition black to freedom

       ** provide education

       ** 66 schools by 1870

       ** medical care, relief, protection

nion League of America

       ** to control black vote

Radical Reconstruction (1866)

       ** Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner

       ** reacted to CSA officials & officers

       ** white supremacy, Black Codes

       ** kkk violence

Fourteenth Amendment

       ** citizenship, due process

       ** equal protection

Reconstruction Acts

       ** 5 mil. districts, new state conventions, NO CSA officials

       ** Mil. Cmdr. Gen. Philip Sheridan removed Gov. Throckmorton

       ** Edmund J. Davis elected new Gov., 1870

 

must ratify 14th Amend

       ** Texas re-admitted under Davis

1870 election

       ** Davis, 2 black senators, 12 reps

       ** Republican gov't. & patronage

Re-admission

       ** iron clad loyalty oath, bar CSA

       ** Texas re-admitted, but Demos control Legislature

       ** internal improvements, schools, state militia

BUT: Election of 1874

       ** Gov. Richard Coke, Demo.

       ** ended Reconstruction in Texas

Constitution of 1876

       ** Granger agrarian control

       ** state control over RR & corporations; no state chartered banks

       ** Elective Exec. offices

       ** Lt. Gov., Comptr., Treas., Land Commsr., Atty. Gen.

Commission form of state agency

       ** elective judiciary

       ** all-white Rangers

Compromise of 1877

       ** Election of 1876

       ** Southerners for Hayes

       ** No. appt. Southerner

       ** troops out of South

       ** Home Rule

       ** Tilden (D) vs. Hayes (R)

       ** corrupt

South Texas

       ** after 1850

 

Escandon Frontera

       ** Ranching

       ** Despoblado

Villas del Norte

       ** Laredo

       ** Mier

       ** Guerrero

       ** Camargo

       ** Reynosa

Miller-Bourland Commsn.

       ** James Miller-Wm. Bourland

 

       **

"I lost my trunk containing all of the original titles presented at Brownsville. . ."

Mexican War

       ** citizens

Early Ranches

       ** Los Ojuelos

       ** Randado

       ** Rancho San Diego

       ** San Salvador de Tule

       ** San Miguel Ranch

Ranchero

Tejano Household

       ** casa de sillar (see yar)

       ** patio (chipitil)

       ** jacal, anacua

       ** acecinas, pan de campo, bunuelos

Corral de le-a

Families

 

       ** patriarch (Paredes)

       ** matriarch (Cortina)

       ** compadres

Vaqueros

       ** 10-man corrida

       ** partida

       ** corrida de sandia

       ** corrida de gallo

       ** paso de muerte

Remuda

La Reata

       ** manganas and a pie

       ** pial

Song of the Chaparral

"a curious, coaxing, wordless song," which, for want of a better term, he labeled "the song of the brush." He said that "the song crept high and higher, and then sank low,

gentle, soothing, . ."

Ranch Work

       ** women

       ** carreteros, arrieros (Cart War)

Religion

       ** Dia de San Juan, June 24

       ** churches, chapels, cemeteries, and altars

       ** curanderos and medicinal herbs

       ** mass and prayer

Entertainment

       ** el convite from ranch to ranch

       ** tambor de rancho, escuelas

Political Leadership

       ** Catarino Garza

       ** Cortina

 

       ** Gregorio Cortez

Dispossession of Tejano lands

       ** economic fators

       ** violence

       ** legal

The Tejano Saddle

The Chaparral

Cart War

       ** Indianola

       ** 1857

Cortina War

       ** 1859 vs sheriff and Rangers

       ** hero or bandit

       ** devastated economy

Salt War (1877)

       ** El Paso

Violence

       ** lynching

       ** riots

Railroads

       ** entered Brownsville, C.C., Laredo

Commercial Farming

       ** county control

       ** taxes

       ** roads and bridges

       ** schools

County Clerk System

       ** no primogeniture or entail

       ** merchants, lawyers, capital

       ** Midwestern farmers, i.e. Missouri

 

Texas Rangers

       ** ley fuga, torture)

       ** estab. 1874 by legislature

       ** all-white Ranger force

Cattle Kingdom

       ** 5 mil. longhorns by 1865

Market

       ** Price & demand incr. to $30-$40/head in Miss. Valley

       ** obtained for $3-$4/head in Texas

Drives

       ** 1/2 mil. cattle bx 1867 - '71

       ** Hebronville - Sedalia railhead (Mo.)

       ** Abilene (KN) stockyards

Trails

       ** Sedalia

       ** Chisholm

       ** Western Goodnight-Loving

Open-range ranching

       ** open range

       ** control of water

Large Ranches

       ** John Chisum, Charles Goodnight, Geo. Littlefield

       ** large ranch land & cattle companies i.e. King Ranch, Matador, Kenedy

       ** XIT largest, 3 mil. A in exchange for Tex. capitol

Decline

       ** barb wire

       ** winters of 1880's

       ** Confederate veterans

       ** Sutton County Wars

Advent of Commercial Farmer

 

       ** subdivided lands

       ** control of county govt.

       ** farmer's issues

       ** Black Codes on Mexican-Americans

       ** labor repression

rban Growth

       ** S.A. "largest" at 50,000

       ** Houston 44,000

       ** Galveston

       ** Dallas - Ft. Worth

       ** German Belt in Edwards Plateau

Economic Development

       ** 1. Railroads

       ** 2. Public Lands

       ** 3. Education

       ** 4. Agriculture

       ** 5. Lumber

Railroads

       ** thru public aid

       ** State Land Grant Law of 1876

_     16 sect. for 1 mi.

_     repealed

Local Govt. RR support

       ** depot site donated

       ** R.O.W.

       ** stock pens

       ** exemptions

       ** bonuses

Texas Railroad Growth

       ** let nation by 1900 with 10K mi.

 

       ** Mo-Kans & Texas (Katy)

_     Houston became largest city

       ** Southern Pac

_     N. Orleans - Houston - E.P.

Railroad Abuses

       ** price discrimination

       ** free passes

       ** lobbying

       ** rebates, discounts

Public Lands

       ** Permanent School Fund (1876)

       ** 1/2 public domain left

       ** $1/A for public debt

       ** Confederate Vet. Donations

       ** Pre-Emption 1879 50¢/A. unappropr. land

Land Changes

       ** barbed wire

       ** windmills

       ** fence cutting wars (1883-84)

Lumber in Piney Woods

       ** Texas Yellow Pine

       ** John Henry Kirby & Nathan D. Silsbee

       ** Tx. primary mfg. industry by 1900

       ** timber "bonanza"

       ** Labor Company Towns

_     company store, church, school, housing

Agricultural Commercialization

       ** Cotton is major cash crop

       ** Texas cotton led nation by 1870

       ** not profitable to tenants

 

Tenancy

       ** increased bx 1870-1900

       ** binding freedman and Mex. to land

       ** crop lien for poor whites

Education

       ** low priority

       ** segregated

       ** funding discrimination

Law of 1884

       ** state support of ISDs

       ** teacher certification

       ** local ISD taxation

       ** public educ. req. til age 16

Texas A&M College

       ** first public college 1876

       ** Morrill Act of 1862

       ** all male, military, ag, mech.

       ** L. S. Ross first pres, former gov.

       ** opened Ag. Exp. Stations (1883)

niv. of Texas

       ** chartered 1839, opens 1883

       ** 2+ mil. A. in PUF

       ** Prairie View Normal Sch. 1879

       ** for Negroes

The Grange (1876)

       ** "Patrons of Husbandry"

       ** Oliver H. Kelley, USDA employee

       ** old Greenback Party members

       ** inflation for farmers

Farming Decline

       ** economic & political control

       ** urbanization, social isolation

       ** RR. & "middle man"

       ** oppose pol. boss control of liquor

Farmer's Alliance

       ** Lampasas, 1877

       ** 100K farmers by 1886

       ** attacked RR, banks, corps., speculators

       ** favored inflation, prison reform

       ** promoted I.C.C. at state level

Populists

       ** Gov. James S. Hogg

James S. Hogg

       ** Atty. Gen. 1886, Gov (1891-95)

       ** protected publ. dom. for schools

       ** created Tex. RR Commsn. (1891)

       ** set rates & fares, prohibit discr.

Hogg Laws

       ** limit large corporations

       ** set value of rolling stock

       ** limit land holding time

       ** suits vs trusts

       ** prison reforms

Populism

       ** attacked econ. sys. thru. pol

       ** heirs to Greenbackers, Grange, Farm All.

       ** Govt. ownership of RR

       ** abolish national bank system

       ** loans to farmers

Populist Reforms

       ** 8-hr. day

 

       ** direct election of Senators

       ** silver coinage

       ** ref., recall, initiative

       ** Crusade & Biblical Themes

Election of 1892

       ** Demo Hogg

       ** defeated Populist Thos. Nugent

Election of 1896

       ** Rep. Wm. McKinley

       ** beats Pop. Wm. J. Bryan

       ** Populism defeated

 

Populism Results

       ** White Man's Assoc. vs Black vote

       ** Poll Tax (1902)

       ** segregated RR

       ** Jim Crow laws

       ** White Primaries

Spindletop (1901) Beaumont

       ** replace cotton & cattle

       ** Tex. still 2/3 rural by 1930

       ** 6 mil. & segregated

       ** Early fields Corsicana (1894)

       ** but undeveloped

Spindletop Development

       ** Capt. A.F. Lucas w/rotary drill

       ** 491 oil companies

       ** "Spin-off" sec. industries

       ** tank car factories, port facilities

       ** machine shops, real estate, pipelines, refineries

 

New Fields

       ** Burkburnett (1930

       ** Breckenridge, Big Lake

       ** Boom Towns (Iraan)

       ** to 30K pop. in 1 year

Texas Mfg. jobs

       ** X4 between 1900 and 1930

       ** shipbuilding, construction

Urbanization

       ** 41% urban in 1930

Major Cities:

       ** Dallas (financial)

       ** Ft. Worth (Cow Town)

       ** Houston (oil companies)

       ** San Antonio (tourism)

       ** El Paso (mining)

Texas "Big City"attractions

       ** streetcars

       ** lights, boulevards

       ** zoo, parks

       ** employment, higher wages

Political Boss

       ** largest in U.S.

       ** ward boss

       ** patronage

 

Galveston decline

       ** 1900 hurricane

       ** "greatest natural disaster in U.S. history"

       ** 6,000 deaths

 

City Commission Plan

       ** Galveston Plan nationwide

       ** City Mgr.

       ** eliminated ward boss machines

       ** led to "home rule" charters w/o state legislation

Barrio

       ** pattern of housing discrimination

       ** geographic separation

       ** streets, lots, dividing line

       ** internal colony

       ** services, paving, drainage lacking

Agriculture

       ** (cotton) still major occupation

       ** Texas 1/3 of all U.S. cotton (1922)

Tennancy

       ** incr. 1900 - 1930 to 61%

       ** sharecropper (Mediero)

       ** tenant lives on land

Cotton

       ** spread to Rio Grande Valley

       ** Panhandle

Cotton Disadvantages

       ** Price constant

       ** 10¢/lb. from 1900 - 1930

Concentration

       ** land value + mechanization increased

       ** number of tractors doubled

Tenancy

       ** Tenant

       ** Sharecroppers

 

       ** Mexican medieros

Mexican Revolution-1910

       ** Porfirio Diaz

       ** immigration wave

       ** overwhelmed Tejanos

       ** 695,000 Mexican descent in 1930

       ** coyote

Progressives

       ** Middle Class

       ** muckrakers

       ** professionals

       ** opposed political bosses

Characteristics

       ** urban

       ** white

       ** good government

       ** educated

       ** opposed minorities

Gov. Joseph Sayers

       ** (1899-1903)

       ** first Progressive governor

       ** E.M. House, campaign mgr. and idealogue

Progressive Measures:

       ** Terrell Election Law (1903)

       ** against election fraud

       ** white primaries

       ** secred ballots

       ** strict poll tax

Labor legislation

       ** no company stores

 

       ** no company scrip

       ** no child labor

Reforms

       ** in Gov. O.B. Colquitt

       ** Thos. Campbell administrations

       ** Robertson Insurance Law

_     (1907) invest 75 % in Texas

Galvestor City Manager Plan

Other Reforms

       ** 8-hr. day

       ** initiative

       ** referendum

       ** recall

       ** worker's compensation

State Agency Reform

       ** Established Library Commsn

       ** Tx Dept. Agri.

       ** Historical Commsn.

       ** Educational

T.E.A. (1917)

       ** approval of textbooks

       ** certification

       ** funds

Normal schools

       ** N.Tex. (1899)

       ** SWT (99)

       ** Sul Ross (17)

       ** S. Tex. (29)

       ** later TWU ('01)

Other Texas Colleges

 

       ** Tx. Coll. of Mines ('13)

       ** Rice, SMU, TCU, Baylor

State Schools

       ** for Deaf,

       ** Blind

       ** Mentally Ill

Amendments

       ** 18th Amend. Prohibition (1920)

       ** Women's Suffrage 19th (1919)

LULAC

       ** Congreso Mejicanista

_     Idar, Laredo, 1911, resolutions

       ** Plan de San Diego

       ** J.T. Canales

       ** LULAC 1929

NAACP

       ** 1905-09

       ** liberal whites

       ** Booker T. Washington

       ** Atlanta Compromise

       ** W.E.B. Dubois

WWI

       ** petrochemicals

New military bases

       ** Kelly, Randolph, etc

Elevated Texans in D.C.

       ** E.M. House (WW Wilson)

       ** Sam Rayburn, Thos. Love

KKK rebirth (1920s)

       ** for white supremacy after WWI

 

       ** lynchings, ran Sen. Earl B. Mayfield (1922)

Red Scare

       ** vs Germans, Blue Laws, jazz, Flappers, etc.

       ** enforced cultural conformity

KKK decline

       ** died down after revealed corrupt and false

New Deal         

       ** 1930s Depression

Hooverism

       ** unequal income distribution

       ** speculation

       ** pyramiding

       ** crash

F.D.R. New Deal

       ** pragmatic experimentation

Kilgore Oil Boom (1930)

       ** showed Texas had 1/3 known U.S. reserves

       ** developed by independent

       ** co-opted by major oil companies

Texas Oil

       ** Gov. Ross Sterling sent Rangers and Nat'l. Guard against illegal flow

       ** helped insulate Texas economy from devastation

       ** brought major companies to Dallas & Houston

New Deal

       ** elevated Texans

       ** John Nance Garner, LBJ

       ** Sam Rayburn mentored LBJ

       ** LBJ in Congress in 1937

FDR PRograms

       ** F.D.I.C. to guarantee deposits

 

       ** C.C.C. conservation to hire 17 -25 year olds

       ** PWA built parks, colleges, buildings

NYA

       ** LBJ director (age 26)

       ** students in clerical jobs

A.A.A., 1933

       ** acreage reduction of cotton, corn, etc.

       ** paid $7 - 20/A. to "plow up" millions of Acres (c. $300 mil. to Texans)

       ** destroyed millions of cattle, sheep, hogs

       ** Texas stockmen were largest recipients

New Deal effects

       ** drove tenant off land into migrant labor

       ** no Social Security for agricultural farm workers

Repatriation

       ** 250,000 Mexican-American citizens deported from Texas

       ** Tejano strike i.e. Emma Tenayuca led Pecan Shellers in San Antonio

LULAC (1929)

       ** to eliminate prejudice, teach English

       ** poll tax drives, grand jury membership\

       ** 1930 won ISD v Salvatierra case in Del Rio

       ** no segregation for Mexican American race

 

Conservative Backlash

       ** The Texas Conservatives

Second New Deal

       ** Texans opposed Social Security, Wagner Act, (unions)

       ** attracted Blacks into "relief" of Democratic Party

W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel

       ** conservative governor ('39 - 44)

       ** flour merchant, radio show & Light Crust Doughboys

 

       ** appealed to elderly, rural, small business

       ** opposed labor unions, bosses

Pappy's Legacy

       ** ineffectual as Governor

       ** then as U.S. senator (42 - 48)

       ** defeated LBJ with illicit ballots in '42

Coke Stevenson

       ** (Junction) Governor '42 - 46

       ** conservative: no new taxes, Hwy. system, teacher salaries

       ** 2 conseq. terms as Spkr. of House, Lt. Gov., highest vote for Gov.

       ** Texas Good Neighbor Commsn

       ** prejudice against Blacks

WWII  (Tex. pop. from 6 to 10 mil. bx 1940 and 1960, 75% urban)

       ** 1. Texas gained full employment and growth

       ** agri. (cotton, etc), oil, military bases, cities

2. Military growth (Eisenhower, Nimitz, Pac. Flt., Rudder)

       ** - 40 military bases

       ** - Mexican-Americans served "among the valiant"

       ** - FEPC, state hwy system

3. Bracero Program (1947 -64)

       ** 1947 - 64

       ** treaty with Mexico

       ** deplorable conditions and wages

4. Veteran Generation

       ** G.I.Bill of Rights (VA home loans, education, tech., training)

       ** GI Forum after Three Rivers incident

       ** - Delgado v Bastrop ISD (1948) no segregation of Latin Americans

       ** - Little School of 400

1948 Election

       ** Gov. Beauford Jester (Election of 46) conservative vs New Deal

 

       ** "Texas Establishment" conservative businessmen

       ** Allan Shivers (Lt.Gov.), Price Daniel (Atty. Gen.)

4. 1948 Senate Election

       ** LBJ vs Coke Stevenson

       ** LBJ used helicop ter, direct mail, radio

       ** Run-off by 87 votes

Box 13

       ** in Jim Wells

       ** used fraud

Texas 2-Parties

       ** Texas conservatives for Eisenhower

       ** Senator Tower & Republicans