TEXAS HISTORY
EXAM 1 REVIEW
Austin Community College Andres Tijerina
The following list of terms will serve as a guide to your studying for the final exam. As a study tool, you should be able to know the meaning (definition) and significance of each. (10 points each)
Frontera
Municipality
Enlightenment
Compania Volante
Law of April 6, 1830
Viesca Faction
OBJECTIVE: The following are the issues covered on multiple-choice and true-false questions. (2 points each)
Coahuiltecan Indians
Comanches
Reconquista
Castile and Aragon
Coronado
Presidio
Royal Patronage
Ranchos
La Salle
La Bahía
Carrera del gallo
Mestizo
Bourbon Reforms
Peninsulares
Secularization
Miguel Hidalgo
Gutiérrez de Lara
Coahuila y Tejas
Fredonian Rebellion
Mier y Terán
Law of April 6, 1830
Sam Houston
Consultation of 1832
Santa Anna
Travis
TEXAS
HISTORY 2301
Spring
2000 EXAM 2 REVIEW
Austin
Community College Andres
Tijerina
The following list of terms will serve as a guide to your studying for the final exam. As a study tool, you should be able to know the meaning (definition) and significance of each. (10 points each)
Cattle Kingdom/Tejano Empire
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
14th Amendment
Compromise of 1877
Santa Fe Expedition
Cortina War
OBJECTIVE: The following are the issues covered on multiple-choice and true-false questions. (2 points each)
Juneteenth
Sam Houston
E. J. Davis
Richard Coke
Carpetbaggers
Cart War
Salt War
Battle of Nueces
XIT
Freedman’s Bureau
Charles Sumner
Thirteenth Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stephens
Charles Sumner
Compromise of 1850
Black Codes
TEXAS
HISTORY 2301
NOTES: History of
Texas
The Reconquest
**
Roman Empire
**
Tribes of Hispania
**
Visigoths, Galicians, Asturians
El Cid
Moslem Conquest
(711 AD)
**
Irrigation & wells
**
merino sheep
**
coastal municipium
**
roads, military
**
wheat, horses, fertilizer
**
drugs, business math
**
concubinage
Architecture
**
The Moorish Arch
Gardens of Sevilla
Vocabulary:
**
zurco, aljibe, acequia,
**
arroz, sandia, azucar, grenada, zanahoria
**
manzana, alfalfa, garbanzo
**
ojala, almuhada, alfombra,
Fountains of
Granada
**
azulejo
El Rey Catolico
**
military king took quinto, cavalry, no prisoners
**
Patronato Real
**
Knights Templar:
**
Alcantara, Santiago, Calatrava
Unification of
Spain
**
Ferdinand and Isabella
**
Aragon & Castilla
Frontera
**
despoblado
**
municipality
**
missions
**
presidios
**
ranching
**
Santa Hermandad
Municipality
**
Charter, Plaza, Cabildo, defensive
Spanish Estates
**
Las Cortes
**
nobility (titles, coat of arms)
**
fueros
**
church
**
Dominican, Franciscans, cofrad'a
Santa Hermandad
**
cuadrilleros
**
Privileges
**
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Alcalde Provincial,
**
Acordada
**
summary justice, deputization
**
Fueros
_ cavaller'a, peonia, courts, tax exempt,
appointments
European Expansion
**
The Astrolabe
**
Prince Henry the Navigator
**
Columbus
Exploration
**
Vasco Nu-ez de Balboa
**
Ponce de Leon (1513)
**
Cortes (1519)
**
Panfilo de Narvaez (1528) to Cabeza de Baca & Estevanico
AZTEC EMPIRE
Spanish Conquest
**
1519, Cortez, alliance with Tlascalans, Nahuatl, teocentli
**
coyotl, chocolotl, mesquitl
**
Guadalupe, mestizo
**
Mestizaje
**
Columbian Exchange
Northern Frontera
**
French Threat
**
La Salle, 1682
**
claimed Mississippi River basin
Fort St. Louis,
1684
**
Explored Matagorda Bay
Capt. Alonzo de
Leon
**
1689
**
explored Nac. area & left
Nacogdoches(1716)
**
Capt. Domingo Ramon & Louis de Saint-Denis
**
Saint-Denis, 25 sol., 5 Franciscan priests, 40 men, women, children
**
presidio & mission Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches
Presidio San
Antonio de Bexar
**
(1718) Martin de Alarcon
Valero, 1718
San Jose
**
Moorish dome & arches
Concepcion
Espada
**
Moorish arch in doorway
1721 - LaBah'a
**
later Goliad
**
presidio & mission
Acequia &
Aqueduct
Los Adaes, Ai
**
1721 - presidio at Natchitoches
**
1731 - Canary Islanders (55 settlers) San Fernando de BŽxar
JosŽ de Escandon
**
(1749)
**
Laredo, Mier, Camargo
**
stock, ranching frontier
San Sab
**
(1757)
**
mission
**
presidio
**
massacre
New Mexico
**
(1598)
**
Juan de Onate
**
Santa Fe
Arizona
**
"Pimeria Alta"
**
(1687)
**
Jesuit Father Eusebio Kino
California
**
1775
**
Juan Bautista de Anza
**
Missions
Comanche
**
nomadic
**
South Plains
**
buffalo
**
mustanags
**
aggressive
Frontera
**
(not Anglo frontier)
**
for systematic defense & expansion
**
defensive, despoblado, strict control (census, patrols)
**
limited settlers, Tlascalans
The SpanishMission
**
to Christianize & assimilate
**
BUT: not civilized Aztecs, nomadic Apaches
Texas Missions
**
little or no intermarriage or effect on settlement
**
San Saba massacre, example
Missionization
**
mass, prayer, indoctination, punishment, field work, construct. labor
Presidio
**
fort w/garrison
**
to defend mission & frontera
**
initially stationary & ineffective tactics
Presidial Soldiers
**
low pay, poor morale, isolation, old weapons
Rancho
**
from hacienda
**
caballer'a or sitio de ganado mayor = 1 sq. league (4,428 A.)
**
peon'a or sitio de ganado menor = 1,920 A for sheep, goats, hogs
**
labor (177 A)
Alonzo de Leon
(1689)
**
200 cattle, 400 horses, 150 mules
**
Tejano Longhorn
Rancho Tejano
** vaqueros,
chaparejos, lazo, rodeo, brand, drive, coleada, carrera del gallo,
mangana,
pial
**
illicit trade to U.S.
Compa-'a Volante
**
Flying Squadron
Development
**
combine Tejano ranch + frontera
**
Council of Santa Hermandad (quadrilleros, ETJ, acordada)
**
Miguel Velasquez (1710)
**
Alcalde Provincial, Queretaro
Flying Sqdn.
features:
**
caballada, cortadas, persequir
**
offensive long-range patrol
**
local vecinos
**
deputization
**
summary justice
Tejano Companies
**
Victoria - Victorian Guards, Carlos de la Garza
**
BŽxar - San Fernando Rangers by Mariano Rodriguez, then Juan Seguin
**
Laredo Ranchero Cavalry - 60 troops under Enrique Villareal
**
Nacogdoches - Vicente Cordova - 160 troops
Juez de Campo
**
Mesta assn.
**
to regulate sale of livestock; arbitrate disputes; pursue rustlers
**
led to Cattlemen's Assn.
**
later Texas Rangers
Enlightenment
**
Bourbon Reforms
Recopilaci-n
**
Casa De Contratacion
**
Encomienda
**
Hacienda, hacendado, tienda de raya
**
debt peonage
**
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Man's Reason
**
challenged Biblical revelation
**
Challenged divine right
**
explains NATURE -> Perfection
Rousseau
**
The Social Contract (1762)
**
Newton's Principia ((1682)
**
laws of nature govern universe through mathematical measurement
Carlos III
"Enlightened Despot
**
initiated reforms
Jose de Galvez
(1765-1771)
**
estab. intendancy direct to King, free trade
Marques de Rubi
(1766)
**
inspected military on frontera
New Regulations of
Presidios (1772)
**
close missions & presidios
**
retrench to Bexar and La Bahia, close NAC
**
Ant.o Gil y Barbo (1774) led 500 back by special permission
**
Teodoro de Croix (1776) new Commandant Genl. Interior provinces
Enlightenment
Impact
**
secularized missions by 1821
**
failed to pacify Apaches and Comanches
Independence
**
Peninsular v Criollo discrimination, no upward political/social mobility
**
Cortes (Parliament) regency, Napoleon (1808) captured Ferd. VII
Provincial
Deputations
**
New Spain ruled by junta, provinces by diputacion, municipal ayuntamiento
Priest Miguel
Hidalgo y Costilla
**
(Sept. 16, 1810) grito de Dolores, Gto.
**
led disorganized Indians
**
executed 1811
Juan Bautista de
las Casas
**
led Bexar revolutionaries
**
BUT defeated, executed by Governor, islenos, royalists
Gutierrez-Magee
(1812)
**
Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara
**
Agustus Magee, former U.S. Army officer
** from
Natchitoches to NAC & captured Bex. and Bahia
**
defeated & executed in 1813 by Jose Joaquin Arredondo
**
purged insurgents & pillaged by royalists
Texas filibusters
**
1801 - Philip Nolan, mustanger executed for plot vs Texas
**
1806 - Gen. Ja. Wilkinson forced out of NAC
**
1819 - James Long & "patriot army" driven out of Texas
Independence
Movement in Texas
**
major decline in population for 10 yrs. & towns
**
Texas pop. down to c. 4-5K by 1821
Mexican
Independence - Consumation
**
Cortes authorized Prov. Deputations (1812)
**
Constitution of 1812
**
Ferd. VII tried to suspend in 1814, but accepted constitutional monarchy
Agust'n de Iturbide
(1821)
**
declared Empire of Mexico
**
Agustin I
Santa Anna, Ant.o
Lopez de (1823)
**
overthrew Agust'n I
**
Plan de Casa Mata, liberal independent, republic, states federation
Spanish Heritage
**
Land Laws
**
Land Grants
_ sitio de ganado mayor (4,428 A)- League or
Caballer'a
_ labor (177 A) - peon'a
**
Homestead Protection(land, tools, animals, transportation)
**
Regal'a (King's fifth)
_ subsoil minerals; 3 leagues into sea
Water Laws
**
Irrigation practice, law - Doctrine of Prior Appropriation
**
Pueblo Rights
**
vocabulary (aljibe, zurco, acequia, naranja, labor)
**
Spanish of 16th century
Tejano Vocabulary
**
vide vi I
saw
**
truje traje I brought
**
naiden nadie
**
ansi or asina asi
Moses Austin (1821)
**
got Iturbide's OK on Colonization Law of Jan. 3, 1823
**
to sponsor 300 families to Brazos R. site
**
died
Stephen F. Austin
**
estaglished San Felipe de Austin (Sealy)
National
Colonization Law of Aug. 18, 1824
**
(Constitution of 1824)
**
Mex. Republic
**
federation power to states to administer public domain
Coahuila y Texas
estab. 1827
**
issued State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825
**
sitio league (4,428 A) and a labor(177 A)
**
exempt from tariff, homestead protection, Christian
**
empresarios contracts (41 total) administer program
Tejano Regions
**
Bexar-Goliad ranchos on San ANtonio R. and later Victoria
**
Nac. (50 ranhos by 1830)
**
RIO GRANDE RANCHING FRONTIER
_ (350 ranches) in wedge by 1820
Anglo colonies
**
San Felipe de Austin "Old 300"
**
Baron de Bastrop; Lathrop's demography (Southern, professionals)
**
Anglo municipalities
Anglo resistance to
Mex. laws
**
Protestant, language, laws, slavery
**
Fredonian Republic (1826) by Haden Edwards, empresario
**
defeated but created mutual distrust
**
DeWitt- DeLeon boundary controversy (1832)
Manuel Mier y Ter‡n
(1828)
**
engineer and Brig. Gen., inspector
**
reported Anglo resistance to Mex. law
**
outnumbered Tejanos
Law of April, 1830
**
cancelled all incomplete empresario contracts
**
Mier y Teran, comd. Gen. of of C&T, N.L.,and Tamps.
**
closed all tracts next to U.S.
**
closed Anglo-American further immigration
**
estab. new presidios (Tenochtitlan, Velasco, Anahuac) convicts
**
said no more slaves imported
Tejanos and Agust'n
Viesca resisted
**
for economy & capitalism
**
exception to slavery clause (permanent indentured servants)
**
tax & tariff exemptions
**
concessions on cotton gin, textile mill
Viesca's efforts
**
eventually rescinded (1834)
**
Gomez Farias
**
committed to liberal federalism & vs Santa Anna Centralism
**
led to Anglo Consultation of 1832 & 1833
Consultation of
1832
**
San Felipe, several Anglo municipalities
**
repeal April 6, 1830 for school land grants, tariff exemptions
**
Tejanos demurred
**
but requested judges, bilingual laws, protection
Consultation of
1833
**
new leaders (Houston, Wm. & John Wharton)
**
strongly for separation of Coahuila & Texas
**
Austin arrested in Mexico City for asking as delegate
**
turning point in Anglo-Tejano commitment
Anglo Immigration
grows
**
San Patricio (1830) because Irish Catholics Ja. McGloin, John McMullen
**
Refugio (1833) by Ja. Power, Ja. Hewetson
**
illegal individuals & companies i.e. Galveston Bay & Texas Land Co.
**
including Lorenzo de Zavala and David Burnet, and Vehlein
**
20,700 Anglos by 1834
Viesca Faction
**
Tejano Liberalism (1833)
**
Valent'n Gomez Farias, VP, liberal pro-Viesca as Pres.
**
Viescas got repeal of Law of April 6 (May, 1834)
Saltillo
Legislature controlled by Viescas
**
English as legal language
**
extended empresario contracts
**
expanded number of courts in Bexar and colonies
**
trial by jury
**
- increased to 3 depts. (Bexar, Nac., Brazos) and representatives
**
secularized missions and distributed lands
**
- authorized 800 leagues to be sold to raise $ for Anglo-Texan militia
Gen. Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna
**
Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
**
Centralism
**
rise to power in 1834
Gomez-Farias
deposed by Santa Anna
**
Abolished Const. of 1824, dissolve state legislature into mil. depts.
**
sent Gen. Martin Perfecto Cos (new Comdt. Gen.) to Texas
Anglo-Texans
reaction (Austin freed and led to "war party)
**
Gonzales takes cannon and claims "victory" (1835)
**
Siege of San Antonio (Dec. 1835) by Ben Milam, then Wm. Travis
**
Goliad presidio by James Fannin (Cos left ammunition)
Provisional
Government
**
Washington on the Brazos, 1836
General Council
**
municipality reps.
**
declared Independence at Washington on the Brazos
**
against Santa Anna for overthrowing of Const. of 1824
Grievances:
**
religious freedom, trial by jury, education, defense
**
signed by de Zavala, Jose Francisco Ruiz, Jo. Anto. Navarr
CAUSES:
**
clash of American liberty against Mexican control
**
Mexican internal turmoil, U.S. resources, troops, violate laws
**
Manifest Destiny, feeling of Mexican inferiority
**
Issues: Texan,
Alamo
**
(Feb. 23, 1836, fell March 6)
**
1,800 vs 188 after deguello (Moorish)
**
galvanized racial sentiment
Goliad
**
taken by Jose de Urrea
**
slaughter 350
"runaway
scrape"
Juan N. Seguin
**
Lt. Col.
**
Army of the Republic of Texas
**
Commander
**
2d Battalion
San Jacinto (April
21)
**
1,500 by 900 of Sam Houston
**
Juan N. Seguin, Jo. Anto. Menchaca
**
turning point of Anglo-Saxon U.S. vs. Mexican-Hispanic
The
Lone Star
Republic
of
Texas
**
boundaries
**
"citizen soldiers"
**
county govt
**
U.S. recognition in '37
Republic Government
**
3 branches
**
democratic republic
**
regular elections
**
religious toleration, Protestant
**
English, Anglo-American
Sam Houston
**
elected Pres.
**
M.B. Lamar, VP
**
other experienced in U.S.
Homestead Act
(1839)
**
homestead
**
tools
**
animals
**
protected against debt
The Republic of
Texas
**
$20 Note
Headrights
**
Tejanos and Anglos claimed grants
**
pre-emption
**
Empresario System
**
but used county govt. struct.
Tejano Influence
**
Education
**
community property
**
adoption, etc.
New settlements
& growth
**
Richmond, Columbus, LaGrange, Dallas, Houston, Castroville
**
French, German, Swiss, Polish, Czec
**
Population: 162,500 (incl. 38,000 slaves)
Tejanos in the
Republic
**
San Antonio and Laredo
**
isolated from Anglo markets
Santa Fe Expedition
(1841)
**
Lamar sent 320 armed + 4 commissioners
**
trade, claim N. Mex.
**
then to California
**
exterminate Indians
BUT:
**
captured
**
Mexico city prison
Mier Expedition
(1842)
**
Gen. Alex. Somervell
**
led 750 against Gen. Adr. Woll
**
300 fought on to Mier
**
black bean 17 shot (176 captured)
Mier Significance:
**
forced to accept weakness
**
seek annexation
Annexation
**
Joint Resolution under Pres. John Tyler
**
1844 election of Ja. K. Polk
**
expansionist "dark horse"
Pres. Anson Jones
**
passed it in Texas (June 1845)
**
retain public lands to repay debts
**
James Pinckney Henderson, 1st Gov
War with Mexico
(1845)
**
Gen. Zach. Taylor to C.C
**
Rangers taught U.S. cavalry
**
"no prisioners" atrocities
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo (1848)
**
confirmed U.S. title to Texas thru California
**
U.S. paid $18 mil.
**
Mex. become citizens
**
property & religion inviolable
Significance of
Mexican War
**
legacy of hostility in Mexico i.e. "Ni-os Heroes"
**
slavery issue
**
doubled size of U.S. and cut Mexico in half
**
Mexican American citizen absorbed
Texas Population
Regions
**
1850 pop. 202,000
**
1860: 604,000
East Texas
**
from Lower South (S.C., LA.)
**
plantation slavery
**
cotton, sugar, rice; Houston
North Texas
**
Upper south (KY, MO, TN)
**
yoeman farmer
**
corn, wheat; Dallas
Tejanos in the
Republic
**
San Antonio, Laredo
**
Rio Grande ranching
Capitalist
Penetration
**
Anglo market domination
**
merchants and lawyers
**
U.S. Army Quartermaste
European
**
12K Germans, Polish
**
New Braunfels, Panna Maria
Slave population
**
tripled bx 1850-1860 from 58K to 182K
**
Single-export dependence
**
discouraged industrial mfg.
**
artisans: carpenters, blacksmith, mason
Transportation
**
inadequate
**
roads, bridges, and stage lines
**
old Mexican carretas from Gulf to S.A. to E.P.
**
scant RR by 1860
Civil War
**
John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry stirred Southern fears
**
Cortina Wars raised doubts about Union security
**
Abe Lincoln's election (1860) led to S.C. secession
Gov. Sam Houston
(1859)
**
pro-union
**
opposed to secessionist Demos
Texas Secession
**
Convention, Feb. 1861
**
deposed Houston; annulled Annexation
**
Unionists flee Texas or go underground
**
German Texans staunch pro-union
Texas fortifies
**
Ben McCulloch occupies S. A. & west arsenals
**
Col. John S. "Rip" Ford takes coast and Rio Grande
**
Cotton trade vital to So. economy thru Matamoros
Confederate General
**
Benj. F. Terry's Rangers
**
Sul Ross, John Bell Hood
**
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, C.S.A.
_ killed at Shiloh
Tejano Confederates
**
Col. Santos Benavides (Laredo Mayor)
**
2,500 Tejanos
German Unionists
**
34 massacred by Tex. Rangers
Secession
**
The Texas Flag
**
C.S.A.
Texas Population
**
1850 pop. 202,000
**
1860: 604,000
Compromise of 1850
**
issue of slavery
**
fugitive slave law
**
no slave trade in D.C.
**
California free
**
no mention of slavery
**
Texas boundary $10 mil
**
Sam Houston
**
(1859) Gov. again
**
pro-union vs secessionist Demos
Factors leading to
war
**
John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry stirred Southern fears
**
Cortina Wars raised doubts about Union security
**
Lincoln's election (1860) led to S.C. secessio
Texas Secession
**
Convention (Feb., 1861)
**
deposed Houston
**
annulled Annexation
**
Unionists flee Texas or go underground, i.e. Germans
Civil War
**
Reconstruction
Ben McCulloch
**
occupies S. A.
**
takes west and federal arsenals
Col. John S.
"Rip" Ford
**
takes coast and Rio Grande
Cotton trade
**
vital to South's economy
**
thru Matamoros
Confederate
Generals
Tejanos
**
Col. Santos Benavides (Laredo Mayor) for South
**
2,500 Tejanos
German Unionists
**
massacred by Tex. Rangers
Reconstruction
**
Presidential
**
Congressional
**
Southern States
Three Texas Parties
**
Republicans
**
Union Democrats
**
Secessionist Democrats
Radical Republican
**
black civil rights
**
the vote
**
education
nion Democrats
**
econ. devl.
**
tariff
**
internal improvements
**
led by Andrew Jackson Hamilton
**
for union but Texas Democrats
Secessionist
Democrats
**
black labor subordination
**
Throckmorton led Secessionist Demos
**
coalition w/Union Democrats vs Republicans
Carpetbagger Rule
**
Northerners into South to rule
**
scalawags
Gen. Gordon Granger
**
(at Galveston) mil. cmdr.
**
issued freedom of slaves June 19, 1865 "Juneteenth"
**
financial distress of economy; renegades, looters
Lincoln's
Proclamation
**
(Dec., 1863)
**
10% voters loyalty oath
**
apply for statehood
Johnson's Plan
**
repudiate CSA war debt
**
barred CSA landowners
**
ratify 13th Amend (involuntary servitude)
**
hold constitutional convention (1866)
**
estab. state govt.
Constitution of
1866
**
(June 25, 1866)elected new govt.
**
same as old Const. of 1845 w/o slavery
Problems in Const.
**
denied blacks vote, education, juries, publ. office (i.e. Black Codes)
**
Gov. James W. Throckmorton (pro-union, anti-black)
Democrat Coalition
**
Unionist Democrats coalition with Secessionist Democrats
**
Sen. Oran M. Roberts, secessionist
**
Throckmorton beat Elisha M. Pease
State Black Codes
(1866)
**
solidify white supremacy
**
control black labor
**
contract labor law
**
strict binding to employer
**
child indentured servant til age 21
Social Codes
**
can't intermarry, publ. office, jury, vote, testify
**
vagrants arrested & paroled to farmers
**
white violence killed 1% black male population
Freedmen's Bureau
(1865)
**
transition black to freedom
**
provide education
**
66 schools by 1870
**
medical care, relief, protection
nion League of
America
**
to control black vote
Radical
Reconstruction (1866)
**
Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner
**
reacted to CSA officials & officers
**
white supremacy, Black Codes
**
kkk violence
Fourteenth
Amendment
**
citizenship, due process
**
equal protection
Reconstruction Acts
**
5 mil. districts, new state conventions, NO CSA officials
**
Mil. Cmdr. Gen. Philip Sheridan removed Gov. Throckmorton
**
Edmund J. Davis elected new Gov., 1870
must ratify 14th
Amend
**
Texas re-admitted under Davis
1870 election
**
Davis, 2 black senators, 12 reps
**
Republican gov't. & patronage
Re-admission
**
iron clad loyalty oath, bar CSA
**
Texas re-admitted, but Demos control Legislature
**
internal improvements, schools, state militia
BUT: Election of
1874
**
Gov. Richard Coke, Demo.
**
ended Reconstruction in Texas
Constitution of
1876
**
Granger agrarian control
**
state control over RR & corporations; no state chartered banks
**
Elective Exec. offices
**
Lt. Gov., Comptr., Treas., Land Commsr., Atty. Gen.
Commission form of
state agency
**
elective judiciary
**
all-white Rangers
Compromise of 1877
**
Election of 1876
**
Southerners for Hayes
**
No. appt. Southerner
**
troops out of South
**
Home Rule
**
Tilden (D) vs. Hayes (R)
**
corrupt
South Texas
**
after 1850
Escandon Frontera
**
Ranching
**
Despoblado
Villas del Norte
**
Laredo
**
Mier
**
Guerrero
**
Camargo
**
Reynosa
Miller-Bourland
Commsn.
**
James Miller-Wm. Bourland
**
"I lost my
trunk containing all of the original titles presented at Brownsville. . ."
Mexican War
**
citizens
Early Ranches
**
Los Ojuelos
**
Randado
**
Rancho San Diego
**
San Salvador de Tule
**
San Miguel Ranch
Ranchero
Tejano Household
**
casa de sillar (see yar)
**
patio (chipitil)
**
jacal, anacua
**
acecinas, pan de campo, bunuelos
Corral de le-a
Families
**
patriarch (Paredes)
**
matriarch (Cortina)
**
compadres
Vaqueros
**
10-man corrida
**
partida
**
corrida de sandia
**
corrida de gallo
**
paso de muerte
Remuda
La Reata
**
manganas and a pie
**
pial
Song of the
Chaparral
"a curious,
coaxing, wordless song," which, for want of a better term, he labeled
"the song of the brush." He said that "the song crept high and
higher, and then sank low,
gentle, soothing, .
."
Ranch Work
**
women
**
carreteros, arrieros (Cart War)
Religion
**
Dia de San Juan, June 24
**
churches, chapels, cemeteries, and altars
**
curanderos and medicinal herbs
**
mass and prayer
Entertainment
**
el convite from ranch to ranch
**
tambor de rancho, escuelas
Political
Leadership
**
Catarino Garza
**
Cortina
**
Gregorio Cortez
Dispossession of
Tejano lands
**
economic fators
**
violence
**
legal
The Tejano Saddle
The Chaparral
Cart War
**
Indianola
**
1857
Cortina War
**
1859 vs sheriff and Rangers
**
hero or bandit
**
devastated economy
Salt War (1877)
**
El Paso
Violence
**
lynching
**
riots
Railroads
**
entered Brownsville, C.C., Laredo
Commercial Farming
**
county control
**
taxes
**
roads and bridges
**
schools
County Clerk System
**
no primogeniture or entail
**
merchants, lawyers, capital
**
Midwestern farmers, i.e. Missouri
Texas Rangers
**
ley fuga, torture)
**
estab. 1874 by legislature
**
all-white Ranger force
Cattle Kingdom
**
5 mil. longhorns by 1865
Market
**
Price & demand incr. to $30-$40/head in Miss. Valley
**
obtained for $3-$4/head in Texas
Drives
**
1/2 mil. cattle bx 1867 - '71
**
Hebronville - Sedalia railhead (Mo.)
**
Abilene (KN) stockyards
Trails
**
Sedalia
**
Chisholm
**
Western Goodnight-Loving
Open-range ranching
**
open range
**
control of water
Large Ranches
**
John Chisum, Charles Goodnight, Geo. Littlefield
**
large ranch land & cattle companies i.e. King Ranch, Matador, Kenedy
**
XIT largest, 3 mil. A in exchange for Tex. capitol
Decline
**
barb wire
**
winters of 1880's
**
Confederate veterans
**
Sutton County Wars
Advent of
Commercial Farmer
**
subdivided lands
**
control of county govt.
**
farmer's issues
**
Black Codes on Mexican-Americans
**
labor repression
rban Growth
**
S.A. "largest" at 50,000
**
Houston 44,000
**
Galveston
**
Dallas - Ft. Worth
**
German Belt in Edwards Plateau
Economic
Development
**
1. Railroads
**
2. Public Lands
**
3. Education
**
4. Agriculture
**
5. Lumber
Railroads
**
thru public aid
**
State Land Grant Law of 1876
_ 16 sect. for 1 mi.
_ repealed
Local Govt. RR
support
**
depot site donated
**
R.O.W.
**
stock pens
**
exemptions
**
bonuses
Texas Railroad
Growth
**
let nation by 1900 with 10K mi.
**
Mo-Kans & Texas (Katy)
_ Houston became largest city
**
Southern Pac
_ N. Orleans - Houston - E.P.
Railroad Abuses
**
price discrimination
**
free passes
**
lobbying
**
rebates, discounts
Public Lands
**
Permanent School Fund (1876)
**
1/2 public domain left
**
$1/A for public debt
**
Confederate Vet. Donations
**
Pre-Emption 1879 50¢/A. unappropr. land
Land Changes
**
barbed wire
**
windmills
**
fence cutting wars (1883-84)
Lumber in Piney
Woods
**
Texas Yellow Pine
**
John Henry Kirby & Nathan D. Silsbee
**
Tx. primary mfg. industry by 1900
**
timber "bonanza"
**
Labor Company Towns
_ company store, church, school, housing
Agricultural
Commercialization
**
Cotton is major cash crop
**
Texas cotton led nation by 1870
**
not profitable to tenants
Tenancy
**
increased bx 1870-1900
**
binding freedman and Mex. to land
**
crop lien for poor whites
Education
**
low priority
**
segregated
**
funding discrimination
Law of 1884
**
state support of ISDs
**
teacher certification
**
local ISD taxation
**
public educ. req. til age 16
Texas A&M
College
**
first public college 1876
**
Morrill Act of 1862
**
all male, military, ag, mech.
**
L. S. Ross first pres, former gov.
**
opened Ag. Exp. Stations (1883)
niv. of Texas
**
chartered 1839, opens 1883
**
2+ mil. A. in PUF
**
Prairie View Normal Sch. 1879
**
for Negroes
The Grange (1876)
**
"Patrons of Husbandry"
**
Oliver H. Kelley, USDA employee
**
old Greenback Party members
**
inflation for farmers
Farming Decline
**
economic & political control
**
urbanization, social isolation
**
RR. & "middle man"
**
oppose pol. boss control of liquor
Farmer's Alliance
**
Lampasas, 1877
**
100K farmers by 1886
**
attacked RR, banks, corps., speculators
**
favored inflation, prison reform
**
promoted I.C.C. at state level
Populists
**
Gov. James S. Hogg
James S. Hogg
**
Atty. Gen. 1886, Gov (1891-95)
**
protected publ. dom. for schools
**
created Tex. RR Commsn. (1891)
**
set rates & fares, prohibit discr.
Hogg Laws
**
limit large corporations
**
set value of rolling stock
**
limit land holding time
**
suits vs trusts
**
prison reforms
Populism
**
attacked econ. sys. thru. pol
**
heirs to Greenbackers, Grange, Farm All.
**
Govt. ownership of RR
**
abolish national bank system
**
loans to farmers
Populist Reforms
**
8-hr. day
**
direct election of Senators
**
silver coinage
**
ref., recall, initiative
**
Crusade & Biblical Themes
Election of 1892
**
Demo Hogg
**
defeated Populist Thos. Nugent
Election of 1896
**
Rep. Wm. McKinley
**
beats Pop. Wm. J. Bryan
**
Populism defeated
Populism Results
**
White Man's Assoc. vs Black vote
**
Poll Tax (1902)
**
segregated RR
**
Jim Crow laws
**
White Primaries
Spindletop (1901)
Beaumont
**
replace cotton & cattle
**
Tex. still 2/3 rural by 1930
**
6 mil. & segregated
**
Early fields Corsicana (1894)
**
but undeveloped
Spindletop
Development
**
Capt. A.F. Lucas w/rotary drill
**
491 oil companies
**
"Spin-off" sec. industries
**
tank car factories, port facilities
**
machine shops, real estate, pipelines, refineries
New Fields
**
Burkburnett (1930
**
Breckenridge, Big Lake
**
Boom Towns (Iraan)
**
to 30K pop. in 1 year
Texas Mfg. jobs
**
X4 between 1900 and 1930
**
shipbuilding, construction
Urbanization
**
41% urban in 1930
Major Cities:
**
Dallas (financial)
**
Ft. Worth (Cow Town)
**
Houston (oil companies)
**
San Antonio (tourism)
**
El Paso (mining)
Texas "Big
City"attractions
**
streetcars
**
lights, boulevards
**
zoo, parks
**
employment, higher wages
Political Boss
**
largest in U.S.
**
ward boss
**
patronage
Galveston decline
**
1900 hurricane
**
"greatest natural disaster in U.S. history"
**
6,000 deaths
City Commission
Plan
**
Galveston Plan nationwide
**
City Mgr.
**
eliminated ward boss machines
**
led to "home rule" charters w/o state legislation
Barrio
**
pattern of housing discrimination
**
geographic separation
**
streets, lots, dividing line
**
internal colony
**
services, paving, drainage lacking
Agriculture
**
(cotton) still major occupation
**
Texas 1/3 of all U.S. cotton (1922)
Tennancy
**
incr. 1900 - 1930 to 61%
**
sharecropper (Mediero)
**
tenant lives on land
Cotton
**
spread to Rio Grande Valley
**
Panhandle
Cotton
Disadvantages
**
Price constant
**
10¢/lb. from 1900 - 1930
Concentration
**
land value + mechanization increased
**
number of tractors doubled
Tenancy
**
Tenant
**
Sharecroppers
**
Mexican medieros
Mexican
Revolution-1910
**
Porfirio Diaz
**
immigration wave
**
overwhelmed Tejanos
**
695,000 Mexican descent in 1930
**
coyote
Progressives
**
Middle Class
**
muckrakers
**
professionals
**
opposed political bosses
Characteristics
**
urban
**
white
**
good government
**
educated
**
opposed minorities
Gov. Joseph Sayers
**
(1899-1903)
**
first Progressive governor
**
E.M. House, campaign mgr. and idealogue
Progressive
Measures:
**
Terrell Election Law (1903)
**
against election fraud
**
white primaries
**
secred ballots
**
strict poll tax
Labor legislation
**
no company stores
**
no company scrip
**
no child labor
Reforms
**
in Gov. O.B. Colquitt
**
Thos. Campbell administrations
**
Robertson Insurance Law
_ (1907) invest 75 % in Texas
Galvestor City
Manager Plan
Other Reforms
**
8-hr. day
**
initiative
**
referendum
**
recall
**
worker's compensation
State Agency Reform
**
Established Library Commsn
**
Tx Dept. Agri.
**
Historical Commsn.
**
Educational
T.E.A. (1917)
**
approval of textbooks
**
certification
**
funds
Normal schools
**
N.Tex. (1899)
**
SWT (99)
**
Sul Ross (17)
**
S. Tex. (29)
**
later TWU ('01)
Other Texas
Colleges
**
Tx. Coll. of Mines ('13)
**
Rice, SMU, TCU, Baylor
State Schools
**
for Deaf,
**
Blind
**
Mentally Ill
Amendments
**
18th Amend. Prohibition (1920)
**
Women's Suffrage 19th (1919)
LULAC
**
Congreso Mejicanista
_ Idar, Laredo, 1911, resolutions
**
Plan de San Diego
**
J.T. Canales
**
LULAC 1929
NAACP
**
1905-09
**
liberal whites
**
Booker T. Washington
**
Atlanta Compromise
**
W.E.B. Dubois
WWI
**
petrochemicals
New military bases
**
Kelly, Randolph, etc
Elevated Texans in
D.C.
**
E.M. House (WW Wilson)
**
Sam Rayburn, Thos. Love
KKK rebirth (1920s)
**
for white supremacy after WWI
**
lynchings, ran Sen. Earl B. Mayfield (1922)
Red Scare
**
vs Germans, Blue Laws, jazz, Flappers, etc.
**
enforced cultural conformity
KKK decline
**
died down after revealed corrupt and false
New Deal
**
1930s Depression
Hooverism
**
unequal income distribution
**
speculation
**
pyramiding
**
crash
F.D.R. New Deal
**
pragmatic experimentation
Kilgore Oil Boom
(1930)
**
showed Texas had 1/3 known U.S. reserves
**
developed by independent
**
co-opted by major oil companies
Texas Oil
**
Gov. Ross Sterling sent Rangers and Nat'l. Guard against illegal flow
**
helped insulate Texas economy from devastation
**
brought major companies to Dallas & Houston
New Deal
**
elevated Texans
**
John Nance Garner, LBJ
**
Sam Rayburn mentored LBJ
**
LBJ in Congress in 1937
FDR PRograms
**
F.D.I.C. to guarantee deposits
**
C.C.C. conservation to hire 17 -25 year olds
**
PWA built parks, colleges, buildings
NYA
**
LBJ director (age 26)
**
students in clerical jobs
A.A.A., 1933
**
acreage reduction of cotton, corn, etc.
**
paid $7 - 20/A. to "plow up" millions of Acres (c. $300 mil. to
Texans)
**
destroyed millions of cattle, sheep, hogs
**
Texas stockmen were largest recipients
New Deal effects
**
drove tenant off land into migrant labor
**
no Social Security for agricultural farm workers
Repatriation
**
250,000 Mexican-American citizens deported from Texas
**
Tejano strike i.e. Emma Tenayuca led Pecan Shellers in San Antonio
LULAC (1929)
**
to eliminate prejudice, teach English
**
poll tax drives, grand jury membership\
**
1930 won ISD v Salvatierra case in Del Rio
**
no segregation for Mexican American race
Conservative
Backlash
**
The Texas Conservatives
Second New Deal
**
Texans opposed Social Security, Wagner Act, (unions)
**
attracted Blacks into "relief" of Democratic Party
W. Lee
"Pappy" O'Daniel
**
conservative governor ('39 - 44)
**
flour merchant, radio show & Light Crust Doughboys
**
appealed to elderly, rural, small business
**
opposed labor unions, bosses
Pappy's Legacy
**
ineffectual as Governor
**
then as U.S. senator (42 - 48)
**
defeated LBJ with illicit ballots in '42
Coke Stevenson
**
(Junction) Governor '42 - 46
**
conservative: no new taxes, Hwy. system, teacher salaries
**
2 conseq. terms as Spkr. of House, Lt. Gov., highest vote for Gov.
**
Texas Good Neighbor Commsn
**
prejudice against Blacks
WWII (Tex. pop. from 6 to 10 mil. bx 1940 and 1960,
75% urban)
**
1. Texas gained full employment and growth
**
agri. (cotton, etc), oil, military bases, cities
2. Military growth
(Eisenhower, Nimitz, Pac. Flt., Rudder)
**
- 40 military bases
**
- Mexican-Americans served "among the valiant"
**
- FEPC, state hwy system
3. Bracero Program
(1947 -64)
**
1947 - 64
**
treaty with Mexico
**
deplorable conditions and wages
4. Veteran
Generation
**
G.I.Bill of Rights (VA home loans, education, tech., training)
**
GI Forum after Three Rivers incident
**
- Delgado v Bastrop ISD (1948) no segregation of Latin Americans
**
- Little School of 400
1948 Election
**
Gov. Beauford Jester (Election of 46) conservative vs New Deal
**
"Texas Establishment" conservative businessmen
**
Allan Shivers (Lt.Gov.), Price Daniel (Atty. Gen.)
4. 1948 Senate
Election
**
LBJ vs Coke Stevenson
**
LBJ used helicop ter, direct mail, radio
**
Run-off by 87 votes
Box 13
**
in Jim Wells
**
used fraud
Texas 2-Parties
**
Texas conservatives for Eisenhower
**
Senator Tower & Republicans