STUDY GUIDE
Spring 2012
Dr. T. Thomas
History is not
about “memorizing” data, facts, names, and dates. History is about knowing and understanding
the past and its impact on the present: what happened, when and where, who was involved, what motivated the participants, why events happened, and the consequences of these
events/actions. So in order to be
successful in this course, you must know the “who, what, when, where and why”
but also the “connections” between people and events, the “motivations”, and
the “consequences (short-term and long-term)” of the events of the past.
Memorizing can be
helpful, but it will not give you a complete understanding of history.
The questions in
this Study Guide are designed to help you achieve a greater understanding of the past. Some of the questions are easy to answer;
some require you to analyze what you have read and arrive at the best
answer. Some answers are short; some are
long.
The study
questions in this guide are provided to help you achieve success on the exams
and in this course and are not turned in to Dr. Thomas.
With this in
mind, here are some suggestions for achieving success in this course:
v
Read
the chapter first, to get a good overview
of what the chapter is about. Pay attention to the chapter subheadings
(subtitles). They are often clues to the
important themes of a chapter
subsection. Similarly, pay attention to
the opening paragraph of each section - here you will usually find the thesis, or "main point" of a
section.
v
Then read
the chapter again, answering the study questions.
v
Write short answers to each of these study
questions. Some students use index cards, writing one question/answer on each
card. Don't just highlight the answers in your textbook - write them.
v
Read
with a dictionary. Look up any word
whose meaning you do not know.
v
Approach
this course as you would a job. Set aside a specific time each day - or every
other day - to work on reading and study questions. This is your work schedule; honor it as you
would your job.
v
Work
on the reading and study questions gradually, completing small amounts of work
each day (or every other day). Research
shows that people retain information better if they work for no more than 2
hours at one task. For example, on Mondays
from 2-4 pm, read half the chapter. On
Tuesday, read the other half. On
Wednesday, write out the first 20 study questions; on Thursday, the next 20,
and so on. Don't try to do all the reading and the study questions the night
before the exam. "Cramming" is
not an effective, nor is it a successful study method.
v
If
possible, form a study group with 2 or 3 other students. Work together to find answers, quiz each
other, and offer general support. Study
groups are a proven, effective means of studying.
v
If you
have any trouble finding answers, or if you are unsure of your answers, contact
Dr. Thomas for clarification.
These study
questions are provided to help you achieve success on the exams and in this
course and are not to be turned in
to Dr. Thomas.
UNIT 1
(Chapters 17 - 20)
NOTE:
CHAPTER 16 is NOT covered in this course.
It is covered in History 1.
Chapter
17 – The Contested West, 1870 - 1900
1.
Describe President Grant’s “peace
policy” and its impact on Native Americans.
2. Explain how Native American tribal life
came to an end by the 1890s.
3. Discuss the intent and the consequences
of the Dawes Act of 1887.
4. Describe
the non-violent form of resistance employed by Native Americans on the Plains
by the 1880s.
5. Identify
the 1890 event that signaled the end of Indian resistance in the West.
6. Describe a typical mining town of the
“Wild West”.
7. Explain the federal government’s policy
of “benign neglect” of the western territories.
8. Define “buffalo soldier”.
9. Define “nativism” and describe how it
affected Chinese settlers in
10. Discuss the factors that stimulated a
land rush in the trans-Mississippi West.
11. Name the largest corporate landowners in
the West.
12. Locate the last
13. Identify
the invention that revolutionized cattle ranching and discuss how it changed
cattle ranching.
14. Define “vaquero” and discuss the
fate of the vaqueros by the 1880s.
15. Discuss the factors that transformed
family farms into “agribusiness”.
Chapter
18 – Business & Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1895
16. Identify the theme(s) of
Mark Twain and Charles Warner’s The Gilded Age.
17. Name the man who
pioneered the nation’s first big business.
18. Discuss how the federal
government aided the development of the railroads.
19. Show how the stock market
played a key role in the growth of industry
20. Name the man who came to
dominate the steel industry and describe how he did it.
21. Name
the man who came to dominate the oil industry and describe how he did it.
22. Discuss the impact of
“mass production” on Americans in the Gilded Age.
23. Identify the inventions
that most revolutionized Americans’ lives in the Gilded Age.
24. Define finance capitalism
and name
25. Explain the difference(s)
between an oligopoly and a monopoly.
26. Define social Darwinism and discuss how
it was used to glorify great wealth and curb social reform.
27. Discuss how the U.S.
Supreme Court supported the rise of corporate capitalism.
28. Show how religion and ethnicity played a
significant role in Gilded Age politics.
29. List the characteristics
of the “New South”.
30. Discuss Ida Wells’
campaign against racism in the New South.
31. Explain how civil service
reform helped break the power of the party “bosses” in the Gilded Age.
32. Identify the federal legislative attempts
to curb the power of big business on behalf of the public interest.
Chapter
19 – The City & Its Workers, 1870-1900
33. Compare
34. Identify the
35. Describe the social
geography of American cities in the Gilded Age.
36. Define plutocracy and show
how
37. Enumerate the increase in
child labor by 1900.
38. Compare the working
patterns/opportunities of white and African American women.
39. Explain the rise of the
“managerial” class of workers by 1900.
40. List the major labor
unions and their leaders.
41. Discuss the consequences of the May 4,
1886 events in
42. Define the “cult of
domesticity”
43. Name the pastime that
united city-dwellers across class lines.
44. Describe how municipal
governments improved city life.
45. Define political party
“boss” and “machine”.
Chapter
20 – Dissent, Depression, & War, 1890-1900
46. Explain the goal(s) of the Populist
(People’s) Party.
47. Identify the problems and issues facing
farmers.
48. List the components of the Populists’
plan/platform to help farmers.
49. Identify the problems and issues facing
industrial laborers.
50. Discuss the consequences of the Homestead
Steel strike.
51. Name
the event that demonstrated the pivotal power of the state in the nation’s
labor wars.
52. Explain how the “injunction” was used to
break the
53. Name the founder of the Socialist Party.
54. List the
major issues central to the work of women activists.
55. Explain
Frances Willard’s use of the “cult of domesticity” to argue for woman suffrage.
56. Identify the most prominent issue of the
presidential election of 1896, championed by the Populists.
57. Identify the factors that prompted
58. Discuss the consequences of John Hay’s
Open Door policy in
59. Explain why the
60. Describe the new American “empire” that resulted
from the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
UNIT 2
(Chapters 21 - 24)
Chapter
21 – Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House, 1890-1916
1. Explain what Jane Addams and the other
reformers who lived at Hull House hoped to accomplish.
2. Identify the general
goals that characterized the Progressive movement.
3. Discuss how Progressive
reformers sought to attack the problems in the cities.
4. Compare the meaning of
“social gospel” with “gospel of wealth”.
5. List the contributions of the WTUL to
the Triangle Shirtwaist Company strike of 1909-1910.
6. Explain how the reform Darwinists hoped
to apply the theory of “pragmatism” to improve American society.
7. Name the two Progressive
philosophers who originated the idea of pragmatism.
8. Explain Teddy Roosevelt’s
trust policy and how he enforced it.
9. List the legislative
accomplishments of
10. Explain what Teddy Roosevelt meant when
he said “speak softly but carry a big stick”.
11. Discuss how the
12. Describe William Howard
Taft’s foreign policy.
13. Identify the
14. Identify the groups left
out of Progressive reforms and show how they were left out .
15. Discuss the leadership
and the goals of the Niagara Movement.
Chapter
22 – World War I: The Progressive Crusade at Home & Abroad, 1914-1920
16. Identify Woodrow
17. Name the Mexican rebel
leader who eluded capture by the U.S. Army.
18. List the members of the
Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente (the “Allies”).
19. Discuss
20. Describe how German
“unrestricted submarine warfare” violated “traditional” rules of war.
21. Explain why the
22. Describe how American
military training camps were like “national universities”.
23. Discuss how the
24. Describe the consequences
of wartime mobilization for
25. Discuss the wartime
contributions of women at home and on the battle front.
26. Discuss the wartime role
of the Committee on Public Information.
27. Show how the map of
28. Discuss Senate opposition
to membership in the
29. Identify the leader and
the causes of the “Red Scare” of 1919.
30. Discuss the consequences
of wartime migration for African Americans.
31. Describe the experiences
of Mexican immigrants to the
Chapter
23 – From the New Era to Great Depression, 1920-1932
32. Identify the Harding
administration policies intended to boost American enterprise.
33. Show how
34. Name the “keystone”
industry of the American economy in the 1920s and what made it so successful.
35. Define “welfare
capitalism” and explain its purpose.
36. Describe the consequences
of Prohibition.
37. Analyze women activists’
failure to achieve their political agenda in the 1920s.
38. Discuss the “black
nationalist” philosophy of Marcus Garvey.
39. Explain the alienation
felt by the “Lost Generation” of artists and writers.
40. Explain the significance
of Sacco and Vanzetti.
41. Show how the Scopes
“Monkey” Trial symbolized the conflict between urban and rural
42. Name the candidates and
the outcome of the 1928 presidential election.
43. Discuss the domestic
economic problems evident in
44. Explain the cause(s) of
the Great Depression.
45. Discuss the consequences
of the Great Depression for Mexican Americans.
Chapter
24 – The New Deal Experiment, 1932-1939
46. Describe
the
47. Analyze
the impact of polio on the political career of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
48. Analyze
Explain how FDR’s political beliefs and style contrasted with conservatives’
“laissez-faire” approach.
49. Identify
the major issue(s) in the 1932 national election.
50. Describe the factions within the
Democratic Party as the 1932 presidential election approached.
51. Enumerate
52. Identify
the economic area in which the
53. Discuss
how the New Deal sought to help farmers.
54. Summarize
the opposition to the New Deal from the right and from the left.
55. Describe
the goals and work of the American Communist Party during the Depression.
56. Name
the New Deal’s most prominent critics and their messages.
57. Describe
the New Deal’s political and legislative support for labor and the New Deal’s
impact on labor unions.
58. Identify
the single most important program of the New Deal’s welfare state and its
components.
59. Analyze
the objectives and consequences of
60. Analyze
the achievements and limitations of the New Deal in ending the Depression.
UNIT 3 (Chapters 25 - 27)
Chapter
25 – The
1. Discuss
FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” and its consequences.
2. Describe
the events in Europe and Asia that threatened world peace and the
3. Discuss
how the American isolationism and neutrality helped paved the way for World War
II.
4. Discuss
the
5. Characterize
the relationship between
6. Explain
how the Lend-Lease program propelled the
7. Discuss
the consequences of the Japanese attack on
8. Identify
the Axis powers.
9. Identify
the
10. Analyze
the impact of WWII on the
11. Locate
the Pacific theater battle that proved to be a turning point in the Allies’ war
against
12. Analyze
the importance of the Allies’ plan to open a “second front” in western
13. Describe
the contributions of women to the war efforts in the
14. Analyze
the experiences of WWII for African Americans in the
15. Identify
the components of the GI “Bill of Rights”.
16. Discuss
the
17. Evaluate
the results of the “D-Day” invasion.
18. Discuss
President Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb.
Chapter
26 – Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, 1945-1953
19. Identify the problems Harry
Truman faced as "an accidental president."
20. Explain
the concept of a "Cold War" and the issues that led to the
deterioration of U.S.-Soviet relations at the end of WWII.
21. Describe
the Cold War concept of "containment".
22. Explain
what was meant by an "Iron Curtain” in
23. Explain
the "domino theory" and the Truman Doctrine.
24. Explain
the purpose of the Marshall Plan.
25. Identify
the Berlin Blockade and the
26. Analyze
the concepts of “nuclear deterrence”, "collective security," and
NATO.
27. Identify
the new federal agency created by the National Security Act of 1947.
28. Characterize
the foreign policy challenges faced by Truman in
29. Evaluate
the successes and failures of Truman's "Fair Deal."
30. Explain
the problems of converting from a wartime to a peacetime economy.
31. Identify
the major participants and activities of the post-war civil rights movements of
Mexican Americans and African Americans.
32. Explain
the Taft-Hartley Act’s impact on organized labor.
33. Define
“Dixiecrats” and identify prominent Dixiecrats.
34. Explain
the rise of “McCarthyism”.
35. Analyze
the impact of McCarthyism on American society.
36. Explain
the issues and participants in the Korean War and why it was officially a
"U.N. police action."
Chapter 27 – The Politics &
Culture of Abundance, 1952-1960
37. Describe
the postwar ”consumer culture” and its values.
38. Analyze
how President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s "middle way" and "modern
Republicanism" helped him navigate domestic politics.
39. Explain
the fall of “McCarthyism”.
40. Describe
Eisenhower’s “New Look” defense strategy.
41. Identify
John Foster Dulles and the goals of brinksmanship and massive retaliation.
42. Trace
the origins of
43. Analyze
the role of the CIA in American foreign policy during the 1950s.
44. Describe how the Suez Canal Crisis was part of the U.S. Cold War
struggle against communism.
45. Identify Nikita Krushchev.
46. Explain
the impact of the Sputnik satellite on American society and Congress’ reaction.
47. Explain what Eisenhower meant when he warned Americans not to
allow the "military-industrial complex" to become overly powerful.
48. Analyze postwar demographic trends, including the rise of new
suburbs and the shift in population to the Sun Belt.
49. Identify the impact of the bracero
program on Mexican immigrants.
50. Enumerate
the increase in college enrollments between the 1940s and the 1960s.
51. Explain
the increase in women’s participation in the workforce.
52. Explain the growing importance of television in shaping American
values and attitudes.
53. Identify the critics who challenged the “consumer culture” of
the 1950s.
54. Discuss the objectives, participants, strategies, successes, and
failures of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.
UNIT 4
(Chapters 28 – 31)
Chapter
28 – Reform, Rebellion, & Reaction, 1960-1974
1. Explain
the “liberal faith” philosophy of the Democratic administrations of the 1960s.
2. Evaluate
John F. Kennedy’s success in the 1960 presidential election and identify his
opponent.
3. Identify
the Warren Commission and its purpose.
4. Identify
Lyndon Johnson’s legislative efforts to declare “war on poverty”.
5. Discuss
the Great Society’s efforts to end racial discrimination.
6. Discuss
the organizations and tactics employed in the freedom struggle led by African
Americans.
7. Describe
the goals of black nationalism.
8. Explain
the goals and tactics of Native American activists.
9. Discuss
the leadership, organizations and goals of the Latino civil rights movement.
10. Describe
the objectives and organization(s) of the student activists of the 1960s.
11. Identify the event that served
as a catalyst for the gay rights movement of the 1960s.
12. Describe
the goals of the women’s liberation movement and the anti-feminist
countermovement.
13. Summarize the factors that led
to the electoral success of Richard Nixon in 1968.
Chapter
29 –
14. Describe
the foreign policy consequences of the
15. Discuss
Kennedy’s response to the Berlin Crisis.
16. Define
the Kennedy administration foreign policy strategy of “flexible response”.
17. Discuss
the outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
18. Explain
Kennedy's decision to expand
19. Explain
Lyndon Johnson's decision to expand
20. Describe
the demographic composition of
21. Explain
the significance of “body counts” and “kill ratios” in the
22. Identify
the forms of opposition used by anti-war protestors.
23. Analyze
how the year 1968 marked a turning point in the Vietnam War.
24. Analyze
Richard Nixon’s victory in the 1968 presidential election.
25. Define
Nixon's policy of dètente toward
26. Discuss
Nixon's strategy for ending the Vietnam War.
27. Explain
the passage of the War Powers Act in 1973.
28. Discuss
the impact of the Vietnam War on American society and politics.
Chapter
30 –
29. Identify
the goals of the New Right and other post-war conservatives.
30. Explain
the role played by President Nixon in the Watergate scandal.
31. Assess
the outcomes of the Watergate controversy.
32. Explain
the challenges of Gerald Ford's presidency.
33. Analyze
Jimmy Carter's domestic challenges.
34. Evaluate
Jimmy Carter’s foreign affairs successes and failures.
35. Discuss
the reasons for Ronald Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential election.
36. Discuss
the Reagan administration theory of “supply-side” economics.
37. Describe
the consequences of Reagan’s conservative “trickle-down” economics policies.
38. Name
the first women appointed to the Supreme Court.
39. Identify
the issue that prompted the growth of gay rights activism during the Reagan
era.
40. Discuss Reagan's approach to foreign and military affairs.
41. Summarize
the elements of glasnost, as promoted
by the
Chapter 31 – The End of
the Cold War & The Challenges of Globalization: Since 1989
42. Analyze how
George H. W. Bush straddled the moderate and conservative positions of the
Republican party.
43. Discuss the circumstances
that led to
44. Name the
recipient of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Peace.
45. Explain the
consequences of the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe for the former
46. Analyze the
major issues and the outcome of the 1992 presidential campaign.
47. Identify the
major policy initiatives of President Clinton's first term.
48. Identify the
executive branch gains made by women during the first
49. Explain the
events that led to
50. List the
characteristics of the economy during the
51. Define
“globalization” and discuss its characteristics and limitations in the late 20th
century.
52. Discuss the
role of the
53. Analyze
native-born Americans' attitudes toward immigration in the 1980s and 1990s.
54. Describe the
controversy surrounding the outcome of the presidential election of 2000.
55. Explain what
George W. Bush meant when he described himself as a "compassionate
conservative."
56. Discuss
President Bush’s efforts to co-opt traditionally Democratic Party issues.
57. Evaluate the
effects on
September
11, 2001.