STUDY GUIDE U.S. History 1, HIST 1301 Distance Learning 2017-2018 Dr. T. Thomas, Professor, History Austin Community College Copyright
2017 - DO NOT post this material on any Internet site |
History
is not about “memorizing” data, facts, names, and dates. History is about knowing and understanding
the past and its impact on the present: what happened, when and where, who was involved, what motivated the participants, why events happened, and the consequences of these
events/actions. So in order to be
successful in this course, you must know the “who, what, when, where and why”
but also the “connections” between people and events, the “motivations”, and
the “consequences (short-term and long-term)” of the events of the past.
Memorizing
can be helpful, but it will not give you a complete understanding of history.
The
questions in this Study Guide are designed to help you achieve a greater understanding of the past. Some of the questions are easy to answer;
some require you to analyze what you have read and arrive at the best
answer. Some answers are short; some are
long.
The
study questions in this guide are provided to help you achieve success on the
exams and in this course and are not
to be turned in to Dr. Thomas.
With
this in mind, here are some other suggestions for achieving success in this
course:
v Read the chapter first, to get
a good overview of what the chapter
is about. Pay attention to the chapter subheadings (subtitles). They are often clues to the important themes of a chapter. Similarly, pay attention to the opening
paragraph of each section - here you will usually find the thesis, or "main point" of a section.
v Then read the chapter again,
answering the study questions.
v Write short answers to each of these study questions. Use a “bulleted”
format ( a “list”) for your answers. Some students use
index cards, writing one question/answer on each card. Don't just highlight the
answers in your textbook - write them.
v Read with a dictionary. Look up any word whose meaning you don’t know.
v Approach this course as you
would a job. Set aside a specific time each day - or every other day - to work
on reading and study questions. This is
your work schedule; honor it as you would your job schedule.
v Work on the reading and study
questions gradually, completing small amounts of work each day (or every other
day). Research shows that people retain
information better if they work for no more than 2 hours at one task. For example, on Mondays from 2-4 pm, read
half the chapter. On Tuesday, read the
other half. On Wednesday, write out the
first 20 study questions; on Thursday, the next 20, and so on. Don't try to do
all the reading and the study questions the night before the exam. "Cramming" is not an effective, nor
is it a successful study method.
v If possible, form a study group
with 2 or 3 other students. Work
together to find answers, quiz each other, and offer general support. Study groups are a proven, effective means of
studying.
v If you have any trouble finding
answers, or if you are unsure of your answers, contact Dr. Thomas for
clarification.
Exam
Strategy Suggestion:
The
first exam (Map Test) is pretty easy - so don't spend more than a couple of
hours studying for it. However, the other four exams are much harder.
Take the Map Test within the first few days of the semester then spend most of
your time on the other four exams!
UNIT 1 Map Test
Because
the history of the United States was shaped and influenced to a large degree by
the geography of the continent, it is important for you to know some basic North
American geography.
Your
first exam will be a 30-question “Map” test.
When
you take your exam, you will be given a map of the U.S. and will be asked to
identify 30 of the items listed below. A
passing grade (70%) is 21 correct out of 30.
You
should be able to locate all of these on a map:
Each of the 50 states of the
United States
Canada All 5 Great Lakes Chicago, IL
Mexico Missouri River Richmond, VA
Atlantic Ocean Red River Charleston, SC
Pacific Ocean Columbia River Boston, MA
Gulf of Mexico Chesapeake Bay San Francisco, CA
Great Plains Hudson River Austin, TX
Appalachian Mountains Ohio River Washington,
D.C.
Rocky Mountains Mississippi River New York City
Philadelphia, PA
Below
is a link to a Map Test Quiz that can test ONLY your knowledge of the 50 states
of the United States. It does not test you on the other geographic features listed above. So, in addition to the
states, make sure you also know the rivers, lakes, oceans, mountain ranges, and
cities listed above.
Online
Map Test Practice Quiz of States in the
U.S. http://www.ilike2learn.com/ilike2learn/unitedstates.html
(This
site also contains other world geography quizzes that you might find fun and
interesting.) |
UNIT 2 (Chapters 1 - 5)
Chapter 1 – Ancient America: Before 1492
1. Locate
the origin of the Paleo-Indians, the first human “pioneers” of North America.
2. Explain
how environmental change and the extinction of large game (i.e., mammoths) contributed to the development of
greater diversity among Native American cultures.
3. Describe how Native American cultures
differed from European cultures in the late 15th century.
4. Identify and locate the most powerful
Native American culture in the New World and describe how they rose to power.
5. Analyze the role of “tribute” in the
advances made by the Mexica society.
6. Identify
the major weakness of Mexican society that the Spanish conquerors eventually exploited.
Chapter 2 – Europeans Encounter
the New World, 1492-1600
7. Explain how a demographic catastrophe and
technological advances in Europe in the 14th and 15th
centuries encouraged European voyages of exploration.
8. Explain what motivated the Portuguese to
explore foreign lands in the early 15th century.
9. Define
“caravel” and discuss its importance in Portuguese exploration.
10. Name the first Europeans to trade on the
West African coast and the objects of their journeys.
11. Name the
countries of the “East Indies”.
12. List the consequences
of the Portuguese exploration of Africa during the 15th century`.
13. Explain
how the competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to the New World were settled.
14. Explain
how “America” got its name.
15. Discuss
the significance of Magellan’s voyage of 1519.
16. Define
and give examples of the “Columbian exchange”.
17. Analyze how Hernán
Cortés and his small army were able to successfully conquer the vast and
powerful Mexica empire.
18. Locate
the two geographic regions of greatest wealth in Spanish America.
19. Name
the great Portuguese colony in the Western Hemisphere.
20. Define
“royal fifth”.
21. Define
“encomienda”, identify the goal of encomienda, and explain how it worked.
22. Identify
the single most profitable economic activity in Spanish America during the 16th
century.
23. Describe the social class hierarchy that
developed in New Spain.
24. Describe
the demographic and economic impact of European diseases on New Spain.
25. Explain
why Martin Luther’s ideas concerning religion were considered “dangerous” by
church officials and other defenders of the Catholic Church.
26. Discuss how riches from New Spain resulted
in short-term gains but also long-term problems for Spain.
Chapter 3 – The
Southern Colonies in the 17th Century, 1601-1700
27. Describe the benefits that the Virginia
Company and its supporters hoped to derive from its colony in North America.
28. Name the leader of the Algonquian peoples
who inhabited coastal Virginia in 1607.
29. Explain how English settlers were able to
survive their first year at Jamestown.
30. Discuss the circumstances that resulted in Jamestown becoming
a royal colony in 1624.
31. Identify the oldest elected representative legislative
assembly in the English colonies.
32. Identify the main source of wealth of the Virginia colony in
the 17th century.
33. Locate the geographic areas known as the “Chesapeake region”.
34. Identify and describe the predominant labor system used in the
Chesapeake colonies in the 17th century.
35. Show how
Chesapeake planters profited from the indenture system.
36. Identify the
two main social classes that had developed in Chesapeake society by the 1670s -
and the relationship between the two.
37. Discuss the King’s response to Bacon’s Rebellion and how this
impacted the different social classes of the Chesapeake region.
38. Explain how Carolina was a “frontier outpost” of the British
West Indies in the 17th century.
39. Compare how
planters viewed the advantages of slaves over free laborers in the 17th
century Chesapeake.
40. Discuss how slavery
indirectly contributed to reducing class tensions between rich white plantation
owners and poor white farmers.
Chapter 4 – The
Northern Colonies in the 17th Century, 1601-1700
41. Define 16th century “Puritanism” and its goals and
principles.
42. Explain how Puritans in Massachusetts Bay Colony hoped to
achieve their goal of becoming “a city upon a hill”.
43. Compare the demographic characteristics (race, class, gender,
occupation, etc.) of Massachusetts settlers with those of Chesapeake settlers.
44. Discuss how
Puritans in New England would ensure that only “godly” men would decide a
colony’s government policies.
45. Name the
most prominent “dissenters” in Puritan New England and describe their fate.
46. Describe the Quakers’ attitudes towards gender,
race, and class.
47. Locate the “middle colonies” founded in
the late 17th century.
48. List the goals of English economic policies towards the
colonies in the mid-17th century, and how the Navigation Acts
supported those goals.
49. Identify the
person called “King Philip” by the New England colonists and explain the
consequences of King Philip’s War.
50. Discuss how
the Glorious Revolution affected the Massachusetts colony.
Chapter 5 –
Colonial America in the 18th Century, 1701-1770
51. Enumerate the population growth of the colonies in the 18th
century and discuss its significance.
52. Explain the significance of increased immigration to the
colonies in the 18th century.
53. Explain how “partible inheritance” resulted in the growth and
expansion of New England settlements.
54. Locate the geographic origins of the immigrants known as
“Pennsylvania-Dutch” and “Scots-Irish” and explain why they often felt compelled
to leave their homelands.
55. Identify the demographic and economic differences between the
“upper South” and the “Lower South” in the 18th century.
56. Define and
describe the “Middle Passage”.
57. Identify
colonial America’s only slave rebellion and evaluate its consequences.
58. Explain how
slave labor resulted in making the southern colonies the wealthiest region in
North America.
59. Define the
“Great Awakening” and what its leaders sought to achieve.
60. Describe the
relationship between colonial governors and colonial assemblies and how this
shaped colonists’ expectations concerning power.
UNIT 3 (Chapters 6 - 9)
Chapter 6 – The
British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775
1. Identify the participants, and discuss
the issues that resulted in a French-British conflict in the Ohio Country
beginning in the 1740s.
2. Discuss the goal(s) of the Albany
Conference.
3. Explain
how the 1763 Treaty of Paris changed the political map of North America.
4. Explain
how the Proclamation of 1763 provoked American anger.
5. Identify
the reason(s) for colonial opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765.
6. Explain what colonists meant when they distinguished
between Parliament’s authority to levy “internal” and “external” taxes.
7. Identify the results of the Stamp Act
Congress.
8. Name the political principle upheld by
the Declaratory Act.
9. Define
“non-consumption agreements” and what they hoped to accomplish.
10. Compare
the actions of the “Sons of Liberty” with the “Daughters of Liberty” during
protests against British policies.
11. Define
“committee of correspondence” and explain the significance of these committees.
12. Describe
Boston colonists’ reaction to the Tea Act and Britain’s subsequent response.
13. Identify
the goals and outcomes of the First Continental Congress of 1774.
14. Show
where the first shots of what became the American Revolutionary War were fired.
15. Name the
young domestic slave from Boston who wrote so eloquently of the hypocrisy of
Africans enslaved in a liberty-loving America.
Chapter 7 – The War
for America, 1775-1783
16. Identify the objectives and the results of the Second
Continental Congress.
17. Name the delegate to the Second Continental Congress who was
feared to be a British spy.
18. Explain why George Washington was chosen to command the
Continental Army.
19. Describe
the obstacles faced by George Washington as he took charge of the Continental
Army.
20. Discuss Thomas Paine’s role in American independence.
21. Explain why printed copies of the Declaration of Independence
did not include the signers’ names.
22. Define “militia” and discuss the traditional roles played by
militias in the colonies.
23. Enumerate
the number of African American men who served the American cause in the
Revolutionary War.
24. Discuss the
American and the British strategies for winning the War.
25. Analyze how local “committees” were used to comply allegiance to the American cause.
26. Define and
enumerate “loyalists”.
27. Explain why
Joseph Brant and other Native American leaders pledged Indian support for the
British.
28. Explain what
some loyalists meant when they feared the “democratic tyranny” of an American
victory.
29. Summarize
the financial status of the colonies during the war years.
30. Explain the
significance of the battle at Saratoga in 1777 as a turning point in the
Revolutionary War.
31. Name the American traitor whose actions ultimately
contributed to reviving Americans’ commitment to victory.
32. Discuss the impact on Native Americans of
the Treaty of Paris.
Chapter 8 –
Building a Republic, 1775-1789
33. Explain
how the Articles of Confederation provided for a central (“confederation”)
government with very little authority.
34. Discuss
what early Americans meant by “republicanism” as they wrote new state
constitutions.
35. Define
“bill of rights” and identify some of the specific rights guaranteed in the
state constitutions.
36. Define
“suffrage,” and “disfranchise” and identify the basic requirement for political
participation in every state of the new Republic by the 1780s.
37. Compare
the actions taken towards slavery in the north and in the south during the
1770s and 1780s.
38. Identify
the main problems faced by the Confederation government in the early 1780s.
39. Explain how the
Northwest Ordinance provided for the orderly expansion of the U.S.
40. Explain the
impact of Shay’s Rebellion on the Confederation government (the government that
operated under the Articles of
Confederation).
41. Discuss the
differences between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
42. Describe how
the U.S. Constitution addressed slavery.
43. Name the
groups who supported, and those who opposed ratification of the Constitution.
44. Identify the
most widespread objection to the Constitution by those who opposed its
ratification.
45. Explain how
New Yorkers were urged to ratify the U.S. Constitution.
Chapter 9 – The New
Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800
46. List the issues and the ideologies that prompted
intense and passionate disagreements among political leaders of the 1790s.
47. Name the first departments of government
created by Congress, and the men appointed to lead them.
48. Explain why formal education for women
became a priority in the new republic.
49. Compare how “virtue” was defined
differently for men and for women in the new republic.
50. List the three areas in which the U.S.
experienced significant growth in the 1790s.
51. Identify the topics of the three major
reports Hamilton presented to Congress.
52. Explain
how Hamilton’s plan for debt “assumption” increased the power of the federal
government over the states.
53. Discuss
the compromise between Hamilton and Madison that resolved conflict over the “assumption”
plan.
54. Discuss
the opposition to a national bank, as offered by Madison and Jefferson.
55. Define
“tariff” and explain why Hamilton favored tariffs.
56. Show
how the Whiskey Rebellion tested the federal government’s power to maintain
civil order.
57. List
the terms of the Treaty of New York.
58. Show
the results of the U.S.’s attempts to resolve several long-standing problems
with England in the 1790s.
59. Discuss
the positions of the two rival political factions that developed in response to
economic and foreign policy debates in the 1790s.
60. Analyze
the stated and the intended purposes of the Alien and Sedition
Acts.
UNIT 4 (Chapters 10 - 13)
Chapter 10 – Republicans in Power, 1800-1824
1. Discuss Jefferson’s interpretation of “Republican
simplicity”.
2. Describe how Jefferson limited the size and power of the
federal government.
3. Discuss the historical significance of the Supreme Court
case Marbury v. Madison.
4. Locate the
geographic area in which the Barbary Wars were fought.
5. Discuss Jefferson’s urgency in acquiring the Louisiana
Territory.
6. Name
the explorers who led the scientific and military expedition into the Louisiana
Territory, and their goals.
7. Discuss the goals and
the consequences of the Embargo Act of 1807.
8. Describe
Dolley Madison’s role in ensuring her husband’s successful
governance.
9. Name
the leaders who worked to unify and strengthen Native American rights on the northwestern
frontier.
10. Identify the leaders and the goals of
the War Hawks.
11. Discuss the diplomatic and political
results of the War of 1812.
12. Define “feme covert” and discuss how it
applied to married women in the U.S.
13. Explain why the south insisted on Missouri
as a slave state.
14. Discuss
the principles of the Monroe Doctrine.
15. Discuss
the results of the Election of 1824.
Chapter
11 – The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840
16. Identify
the components that revolutionized the economy and facilitated the development of
a “market revolution” after the War of 1812.
17. Identify
the political and cultural advantages of improved transportation.
18. Discuss
the significance of the Erie Canal.
19. Explain
why an all-female factory labor force was appealing to American factory owners.
20. Discuss
the role of banks in the growth of the market economy.
21. Discuss
the role of commercial law in the growth of the market economy
22. Describe the new campaign styles and
activities that appeared in the 1828 presidential election.
23. Name the main political parties in the
U.S. in the mid-1830s.
24. Define the “spoils system” first employed
by Andrew Jackson.
25. Describe Andrew Jackson’s Indian policy
and its consequences for the Cherokee in Georgia.
26. Identify
the issue(s), both stated and implied, at the heart of the Nullification
Crisis.
27. Show
how Andrew Jackson destroyed the Bank of the U.S.
28. Describe the changes in education brought
about by the “market economy”.
29. Explain
how participants in the Second Great Awakening sought to improve society,
especially in towns.
30. Describe the philosophy and goals of the
Female Moral Reform Society.
31. Name the nationally-circulated abolitionist
newspaper and its prominent Bostonian publisher.
32. Discuss the opposition that the Grimké sisters faced on their anti-slavery speaking tour.
33. Identify
the most prominent issue of the Van Buren presidency.
34. Name
the new political party that challenged Jackson’s supporters, and discuss the
new party’s commitment to reform.
Chapter 12 - The New West & the Free North, 1840-1860
35. Name the first American president born west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
36. Discuss the fundamental changes in American society that
fueled an “industrial evolution” between 1840 and 1860.
37. Identify the factors that boosted agricultural productivity in
the U.S. as farming expanded to the Midwest.
38. Define the “American system” of manufacturing and its
significance.
39. Show how the federal government contributed to the growth of
railroads.
40. Discuss the characteristics
of the “free-labor” philosophy and its significance for the average American.
41. Name the
largest immigrant group in antebellum America and why many came to America in
the 1840s.
42. Explain the philosophy of “manifest destiny”.
43. Describe the
nature of the conflicts between Anglo-Americans in Texas and the Mexican
government that prompted the Americans to establish the Lone Star Republic.
44. Identify the
issue at the center of the 1844 election and which set the stage for war
between the U.S. and Mexico.
45. Show how
“manifest destiny” impacted Chinese immigrants in California.
46. Explain the purpose of the convention at Seneca Falls in 1848
and evaluate its success.
47. Describe the condition of free African Americans in the North.
48. Define “underground railroad”.
Chapter 13 – The Slave South, 1820-1860
49. Locate and
define the Mason-Dixon Line.
50. Explain how
the Lower South had become the “cotton kingdom” by 1860.
51. Define
“miscegenation”.
52. Show how
white southerners worked to defend and strengthen slavery.
53. Discuss how
slavery supported a sense of unity among whites of varying socioeconomic
classes.
54. Enumerate
the percentage of families in the south that owned slaves versus the percentage
that were considered “planters”.
55. Describe how
plantation slavery in the south benefited the north.
56. Define the
concept of “Christian guardianship” and its economic benefits to southern
planters.
57. Describe how
slaves adapted the Christian religion to serve their spiritual, emotional, and
worldly needs.
58. Describe the
ways in which slaves resisted the will of their masters.
59. Enumerate
and describe the condition of free blacks in the South in the 1820s and 1830s.
60. Identify the
political and cultural beliefs shared by both slaveholding and non-slaveholding
southern men.
UNIT 5 (Chapters 14 - 16)
Chapter 14 – The
House Divided, 1846-1861
1. Identify
the slavery-related issue that divided north and South after the Mexican War.
2. Explain why
northerners supported the Wilmot Proviso and why southerners opposed the bill.
3. Define
“popular sovereignty” as proposed by Senator Lewis Cass.
4. List the provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
5. Show how Uncle Tom’s
Cabin contributed to the conflict between north and south.
6. Show how the Kansas-Nebraska Act impacted political parties
in the U.S.
7. Describe the basic beliefs and goals of the “Know-Nothings”.
8. Describe
the basic beliefs and goals of the Republican Party.
9. Discuss the
issues that led to a “Bleeding Kansas” in the mid-1850s.
10. List the
results of the Dred Scott case.
11. Describe Abraham Lincoln’s views on slavery and racial
equality.
12. List the events that northerners believed were evidence of a
slave power conspiracy.
13. Name the leader of the Harper’s Ferry raid in 1859.
14. Discuss southerners’ reactions to Lincoln’s election in 1860.
15. Discuss
Lincoln’s reaction to secession.
Chapter 15 – The
Crucible of War, 1861-1865
16. Name the
president of the Confederate States of America.
17. Discuss the
secession decisions made by western states.
18. Compare
Union and Confederate advantages in the Civil War.
19. Explain how
the Union and the Confederacy financed the War.
20. Locate the
capital of the Confederacy.
21. Assess the
significance of the July,1861 Confederate victory at
the battle at Bull Run (Manassas).
22. Name the
commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
23. Locate the
Civil War’s bloodiest single day of fighting.
24. Evaluate the
success of the Union’s naval blockade on the Atlantic coast.
25. Explain and assess the effectiveness of “King Cotton
diplomacy”.
26. Explain the Union’s realization that it would have to destroy
slavery in order to defeat the Confederacy.
27. Identify the limitations of the Emancipation Proclamation.
28. Describe the military experiences of African American
soldiers.
29. Describe how the Civil War affected the lives and work of
plantation slaves.
30. Discuss how a
Republican-dominated Congress changed the U.S. economy during the Civil War.
31. Show how
women contributed to the war effort.
32. Name the founder of the American Red Cross.
33. Locate the turning points of the Civil War in the east and in
the west.
34. Identify Sherman’s goal(s) in his march across Georgia in
1864.
35. Explain the historical significance of actor John Wilkes
Booth.
36. Discuss why
the Civil War has been called the “Second American Revolution”.
37. Identify the
central task of Reconstruction.
Chapter 16 –
Reconstruction, 1863-1877
38. Compare the “terms”
of Reconstruction offered by Lincoln in 1863 and by Congress in 1864.
39. Describe the
“compulsory free labor” system of the Mississippi Valley and its purpose.
40. List the
activities of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
41. List the goals that freedmen and
freedwomen adopted as priorities.
42. Name
Lincoln’s successor to the presidency and discuss his goals for Reconstruction.
43. List the
provision(s) of the 13th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
44. Discuss the
intent of black codes.
45. Identify the
goal(s) of the minority “radical” wing of the Republican Party.
46. List the provision(s) of the 14th
amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
47. Describe public reaction to passage of the
14th amendment.
48. Explain the actions that led to Andrew
Johnson’s impeachment.
49. List the provision(s) of the 15th
amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
50. Discuss the
impact of the 15th Amendment on the post-War feminist movement.
51. Define
“carpetbagger” and “scalawag”.
52. Describe the
goals and methods of the Ku Klux Klan.
53. Explain what
is meant by “Jim Crow” laws.
54. Analyze how
the “crop lien” system contributed to a near-permanent state of poverty and
dependence for sharecroppers.
55. Name the
Reconstruction-era president scandalized by corruption in his administration.
56. Explain why
northerners abandoned Reconstruction.
57. Define and
identify the goals of the “Redeemers”.
58. Evaluate the
successes of the Redeemers, by 1876.
59. Explain why
Congress had to decide who would be president in 1876.
60. Discuss the provisions of the Compromise
of 1877.