CHAPTER 13: THE SLAVE SOUTH
How cotton became king in the south
- Cotton gin
- Concentration of slave population moved from Atlantic seaboard to the 'Deep South'
- Differences in the Upper South and Lower South
Intertwining relationships: white/white; white/black; black/black
The planter class
- Planters = owned 20+slaves
- In 1860, 25% of white southerners owned slaves; 4% owned 20+
- Dominated politics, society, religion
-Life for the plantation mistress in the Big House
-Cult of Domesticity in the south
-Marriage, family, and sexual exploitation
-Life for the slaves
-Plantations versus small farms
-Field hands and house servants
-Role of extended family and religion
-Stories and the oral tradition
-Octoroon society in New Orleans
Off the plantation
-Non-slaveholding whites
-Free blacks in the south
-Slaveholding blacks
Rebellions and resistance
-Passive-aggressive behavior
-Uprisings
-1800: Gabriel Prosser (slave) - Virginia
-1822: Denmark Vesey (free) - S. Carolina
-1832: Nat Turner (slave) - Virginia
-Underground Railroad
-Harriet Tubman
The free north and slavery
-Economic ties to King Cotton
-Free blacks in the north
CHAPTER 14: THE HOUSE DIVIDED
Compromise of 1850
- Issues
- California statehood
- Organization of Utah and New Mexico
- Texas' claim to New Mexico
- Slave trade in the District of Columbia
- Fugitive slave law
- People
- President Zachary Taylor
- Vice-president Millard Fillmore
- Sen. Henry Clay (KY)
- Sen. Stephen Douglas, Chair of Senate Comm. on Territories (IL)
- Sen. John C. Calhoun (SC)
- Sen. Thomas Hart Benton (MO)
- Sen. Henry Foote (MS)
-End results
-California entered the union as a free state
- New Mexico and Utah organized as territories based on popular sovereignty
- Texas gave up its claim to New Mexico
- Slave trade in D.C. banned
- Fugitive slave law strengthened
1852: publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Doctrine of popular sovereignty
-Nullification of 1820 Missouri Compromise
1854: formation of the Republican Party
Bleeding Kansas
-New England Emigration Aid Society
-Missouri Border Ruffians
-Lecompton and Topeka constitutions
-'Bleeding Sumner'
1857: Dred Scott decision
-Dred and Harriet Scott
-Chief Justice Roger Taney
-Issues
-Could a black man sue in federal court?
-Had living in a free territory conferred freedom on Scott?
-Could Congress ban slavery in the territories?
1858: Lincoln-Douglas debates
-Lincoln: threat to free states by the 'combination' of Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision
-Douglas: popular sovereignty
-National impact of debates
1859: John Brown's raid on federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia
Southern 'filibustering' during the 1850s
-Cuba and John Quitman
-Mexico and William Walker
-Nicaragua and William Walker
The 1860 presidential election
Southern Secession
-Secession of South Carolina, December 20, 1860
-Secession of 7 Lower South states by Feb. 1, 1861
-(S. Carolina, Miss., Ala., Georgia, Flor., Louisiana, Tex.)
-Confederate States of America established
-Jefferson Davis - pres; Alexander Stephens - v.p.
The war begins
-Confederates attacked Ft. Sumter, SC, April 12, 1861
-Lincoln called for volunteers
-Secession of Upper South (Virg., N. Car., Tenn., Ark.)
-Confederate capital relocated to Richmond, Virginia
The border states
-Delaware
-Maryland
-Missouri
-Kentucky
CHAPTER 15: THE CRUCIBLE OF WAR
The North
-Lincoln's political philosophy: Constitution created an indivisible union and superceded the natural right to rebellion
-Lincoln's leadership style
-Economic issues
The South
-Davis' political philosophy: Secession was a natural right and states' rights outweighed the union
-Davis' leadership style
-Economic issues
Highlights/significant events
-1861
-Ft. Sumter, SC
-1st Bull Run, VA
-1862
-Western Tennessee
-New Orleans
-Texas' invasion of New Mexico
-Antietam, MD
-1863
-Emancipation Proclamation
-Vicksburg, MS
-Gettysburg, PA
-Ft. Wagner, SC
1864
-Lee and Grant: the Wilderness, VA
-Sherman's march through Georgia
-Sheridan's march through Shenandoah Valley
1865
-Fall of Richmond
-Surrender of Lee at Appomattox
-Fall of Richmond
Native Americans and the Civil War
-Five Civilized Tribes and divided loyalties
-CSA General Stand Watie
-Impact on western tribes
Women and the Civil War
-Life for women north and south, black and white
-Contributions
-Nurses
-Spies
-Soldiers
CHAPTER 16: RECONSTRUCTION
Phase One: Wartime, 1863
- Lincoln's 10% plan
- Wade-Davis Bill 50% plan
Phase Two: Presidential : Andrew Johnson's plan, 1865
- Amnesty for Confederates
- Exclusion of high-ranking military and political leaders and the wealthy
- Presidential pardons
- Appointment of provisional southern governors
- 13th amendment - slavery abolished
The South responds
-Election of Representatives and Senators
-The old guard returned to Washington
-'Black Codes'
Phase Three: Congressional, 1866
-Extension of Freedman's Bureau
-Vetoed by Johnson; veto sustained
-Civil Rights Act
-Vetoed by Johnson; veto overridden
-14th Amendment
-Black males granted U.S. citizenship
-Southern representation in House reduced proportionally to disfranchised population
-Former Confederates who held national office prior to war denied national office
-Confederate debt repudiated
Phase Four: Radical, 1867-77
-Plan of Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
-Redistribution of southern wealth (not implemented)
-Division of South into five military districts (implemented)
-15th amendment - suffrage
Battle between President Johnson and Radical Republicans
-Army Appropriations Act
-President's military orders to be routed through Army's General-in-Chief
-Tenure of Office Act
-Positions requiring Senate confirmation require Senate approval for dismissal
-Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Response of white southerners to Reconstruction
-Ku Klux Klan
-Redemption: return of southern states to rule by white conservative Democrats
Blacks in Reconstruction South
-Political power
-Sharecropping
-Eventual disfranchisement
-Segregation: Plessy v. Ferguson, "separate but equal"
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877
-Scandals
-Credit-Mobilier
-Whiskey Ring
-Fraudulent postal contracts
-Corruption at Indian trade-posts
-Fisk-Gould corner the gold market with help from the Treasury Dept.
-Election of 1872
-U. S. Grant - Rep.
-Horace Greeley - Dem.
-Victoria Woodhull - Equality Party
- Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting in 1872
Election of 1876 and the end of Reconstruction
-Candidates
-Rutherford B. Hayes - Rep.
-Samuel J. Tilden - Dem.
-Disputed electoral votes from S. Carolina, Florida, Louisiana
-Congress created bipartisan committee
-Bargain of 1877
-Wormley Hotel - Louisiana Democrats and Republicans
-Hayes declared president March 2, 1877
-Redemption completed in southern states