CHAPTER 1: ANCIENT AMERICA
Introduction: what is known and not known
- Similar stories and myths
- How historians and archaeologists study the past
Current scientific thinking on early migration and early peoples
- Beringia (Bering Straits)
- Paleo-Indians: big game hunters
- significance of Clovis fossils
- Archaic Indians: hunters & gatherers
- Agriculture
Geographic regions and adaptation
- Arctic
- Pacific Coast
- Great Basin
- Great Plains
- Eastern Woodlands
- Mound Builders
- Cahokia
- Southwestern
- the Anasazi
- Chaco Canyon Mexico
- Mexica (Aztec) culture
- creating empire
- role of warrior class
Chapter 2: EUROPEANS ENCOUNTER THE NEW WORLD
Changes in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries
- Political change from feudal system to nation-state system
- Religious change - Protestant Reformation
- effect on politics
- Social change - population increase
- technology
Exploration and Colonization
Iberian Peninsula nations
- Portugal
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- exploration of the African coast
- African slave trade
- Spain
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- Inquisition against non-Catholics
- financing Columbus
- Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
- divided western hemisphere between Spain an Portugal
Spanish colonization
- Caribbean
- Columbus and the Tainos
- Cortes and Mexico
- legend of Quetzalcoatl
FRANCE
- Exploration of eastern Canada and Mississippi River Valley
- Exploration in what is now the U.S.
- St. Augustine, Florida
- Southwest
ENGLAND
Tudor England 1485-1603
Henry VII (d. 1509)
Henry VIII (d. 1547)
- English Protestant Reformation
- nation-state building
Edward VI (d. 1553)
Mary (d. 1558)
Elizabeth I (d. 1603)
Achievements of Elizabeth I
- Religious settlement
- Nation-state building
- Royal Navy
- Subjugation of Ireland
- Roanoke expedition
Stuart England 1603-1714
James I (d. 1625)
- King James version of the Bible
- Emergence of the House of Commons
Charles I (d. 1649)
- 1628 Petition of Right
- English Civil War 1640-49
Interregnum 1649-1660
Charles II (d. 1685)
- Restoration of the Monarchy
- Renewed interest in North American colonies
James II (overthrown 1688)
- Glorious Revolution
Mary & William (d. 1694 and 1702 resp.)
Anne (d. 1714)
CHAPTER 3: THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
CHESAPEAKE BAY COLONIES
Virginia - 1607
- Motivation for settlement: economic venture of the Virginia (London) Co.
- Early settlers - gentlemen and their servants
- Lack of women contributed to weak family structure
- High mortality rates
- Starving time
-Virginians and Powhatans
-John Smith and Pocahontas
-Cultivation of corn and tobacco
-Conflicts
-With Powhatan and Opechananough
-1622 attack
Jamestown's government
-Administered by Virginia Co. until its collapse in 1624
-Thereafter a royal colony
-Royal governor and council
-House of Burgesses
-First established 1619
Cash crop economy
-Need for labor
- Headright system
-Indentured servants
-Slavery
Effects of Restoration Monarchy (1660) on Chesapeake colonies
- Navigation Acts and mercantilism
- Import and export taxes
- English ships and crews
- Effect on tobacco revenue
Bacon's Rebellion - 1674-76
- Desire for westward expansion
- Conflict with Native Americans
- Conflict between yeomanry and royal authority
Maryland - 1632
Motivation for settlement: haven for English Catholics
Gift to the Calvert family from Charles I (proprietorial)
-Early settlers - Catholic landholders, Protestant laborers
- Protestants outnumbered Catholics
Cash crop economy based on tobacco cultivation
- Headright system
- Indentured servants
- Slavery
Maryland's government
- Governor chosen by the proprietor
- Assembly chosen by landowners
Similarities between Maryland and Virginia
FAR SOUTHERN COLONIES
Carolinas - 1660s
-Motivation for settlment: economic venture
-Gift from Charles II to Eight Lords Proprietor
-Barbados connection
Cash crop ecomony
-Dependence on slave labor
Carolinas' government
-Ruled by Lords Proprietor until 1729
-Split into two royal colonies - North and South Carolina
-Each had a royal governor and assembly
Influence of French Huguenots
Georgia - 1732
Motivation for settlement
-James Oglethorpe's utopian experiment
-Influence of Methodist leaders John and Charles Wesley
Oglethorpe and the Creek Indians
--Mary Musgrove
Georgia as a penal colony
Georgia's government
-Ruled by Board of Trustees until 1741
-Became royal colony
-Royal governor and assembly
Similarities to other southern colonies by late 18th century
-Spanish borderlands in the 17th century
-Christian missionaries in Florida and the Southwest
-1680 - Pueblo Revolt (current day New Mexico)
CHAPTER 4: THE NORTHERN COLONIES
NEW ENGLAND
Massachusetts
- Plymouth - 1620 - the Pilgrims
-Motivation for settlement: English separatists
living in Holland wanted a new life
-William Bradford, governor
-Trade with the native peoples
-Trade with the Dutch
Boston - 1630 - the Puritans
-Motivation for settlement: establish a City on a Hill
-John Winthrop, governor, and the Royal Charter
-The Puritan way
-Visible Saints and Covenants:
- God: protestant individualism
-Congregation: vigilance and small communities
- Family: strong family structure; family immigration
Boston's government
-Royal charter provided for a royal governor and General Court (local control)
-Spiritual qualification to participate in politics until 1660; after 1660
property owning qualification
-Boston Puritans and Native Americans
-John Winthrop's beliefs about Indians
-Pequot War - 1630s
-King Philip's War - 1670s
-Persecution of Quakers
-Salem witch hysteria - 1692
-Puritan beliefs about witchcraft
-Why 1692?
-Lessons to be learned
Rhode Island - 1636
-Motivation for settlement: haven for religious dissidents
-Founders (accused of heresy by Boston clergy):
-Roger Williams (connection to Baptist denom.)
-Religious tolerance
-Separation of church and state
-Compensation to Indians
-Anne Hutchinson
-Works versus grace
-Accusations against clergy
-Threat to the patriarchy
-Rhode Island's government:
-Before 1660: no legitimate status as a separate colony; spiritual qualifications in place to vote and hold office
-After 1660: royal colony with governor and General Court; property owning qualification in place
Connecticut - 1636
-Motivation for settlement: create a colony free from discord in Boston
-Founder: Thomas Hooker
-Fundamental Orders of Connecticut allowed all freemen to vote
New Hampshire - 1670s
-Economic expansion for Massachusetts
MID-ATLANTIC COLONIES
-New York and New Jersey
-Explored and settled by the Dutch
-Henry Hudson -1609
-New Amsterdam and the Dutch East India Co.
-Trade and beaver pelts
-Peter Minuit and the Dutch West India Co.
- 'purchased' Manhattan from Native Americans in 1626
-Peter Stuyvesant arrived in 1647
-Director of New Amsterdam until 1664
-Diversity
-Non-English settlers
-Religious pluralism
-Government
-Lack of centralized authority until 1664 English take-over
Pennsylvania - 1680s
-Motivation for settlement: haven for Quakers
-Founder/Proprietor: William Penn
-Pluralism in religion and country of origin of settlers
-Government:
-Penn's Frame of Government
-Governor, council, and assembly
-Protection for Native Americans
Delaware
-Originally part of Pennsylvania grant; became separate colony in 1702
Effect of Restoration Monarchy on northern colonies
-Navigation Acts
-Import and export taxes
-Stimulated shipbuilding
-Smuggling by New Englanders
Dominion of New England
-All of New England placed under one governor
-General Courts suspended
-Edmund Andros appointed Governor 1684
Death of Charles II; succession of James II
-James II and Catholicism
-Glorious Revolution - 1688
-Collapse of Dominion of New England
-Popular uprisings in the Middle Colonies
-Rehearsal for revolution
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS - 17TH CENTURY ENGLISH HISTORY
IN CONTEXT OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT
PRE-CIVIL WAR COLONIAL SETTLEMENT
Chesapeake Bay - Virginia and Maryland
New England - Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire
CIVIL WAR - 1642-49
INTERREGNUM - 1649-160
POST-RESTORATION COLONIAL SETTLEMENT
Mid-Atlantic - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
Far South - North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia