STUDY GUIDE

Answering these questions will prepare you for the tests.
WARNING: Do not be deceived by the easiness of the first test.
Tests 2-5 are much more difficult!!
NOTE: An online tutorial for the textbook is provided at the publisher's web site and I STRONGLY suggest you utilize this study tool. Chapter summaries and quizzes are available, and many students find this helpful.
Click here to go to the web page.

Test #1

The first test is a map test. You will be asked to identify, via a mutliple choice format, thirty (30) of the forty-eight (48) contiguous states. A map like the one below will be used. The states to be identified will be numbered and you will be asked to name a state with a question in this format:
1. This state is:
a. option
b. option
c. option
d. option
There are many maps in the textbook that will help you learn the names of the states. Maps at the end of the book show the states as they are today (therefore, corresponding to the map below).

Test #2 (Chapters 1 - 4)

Chapter 1: "Ancient America: Before 1492"

1. What kind of information do historians use to understand the past? What kind of information do archaeologists use?

2. Prior to the 1920s excavation at Folsom, New Mexico, what did archaeologists believe about the early populations of North America?

3. What is given as a reason for the absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere in ancient times?
4. How did pre-literate ancient Americans communicate and how did they leave records of their lives?

5. What is the connection between the "Wisconsin glaciation period" and the Beringia land bridge?
6. What were sources of food for Paleo-Indians?
7. How did hunter-gatherer cultures (Archaic Indians) differ from older Paleo-Indians in terms of food source and culture?
8. How did Eastern Woodland peoples differ from populations on the western plains?
9. How did people in the southwest adapt to a desert climate?

10. How did the switch from big-game hunting to foraging lead to cultural diversity?

11. How many years Before Present time (BP) is it estimated that southwest peoples began to cultivate corn?

12. What type of dwellings are associated with the Anasazi?
13. What is considered the cause of the disappearance of the Anasazi culture?
14. What does archaeological evidence tell us about violence amongst native peoples by the 1490s?
15. How did the Mexica empire redistribute wealth upward?
16. What group held the greatest position of power in Mexica society?

Chapter 2: "Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492-1600"

1. What European nation funded Christopher Columbus' exploration of the New World?

2. What factors encouraged Europeans to engage in exploration?
3. What native peoples did Columbus first encounter? What differences/similarities were there between the Spanish and the Natives?
4. What were the goals and accomplishments of Portugal during the great Age of European Exploration?
5. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

6. Which Spanish explorer was buried in the Misissippi River by his men? Was his expedition successful?
7. How did the Indian girl Malinali help Hernan Cortes when the latter invaded Mexico?

8. What was the "Columbian exchange"?

9. How did the death of millions of natives in the colonies affect Spain?
10. Who were creoles? Who were mestizos?

11. Why did Spanish men marry Indian women?
12. What was the purpose of "encomienda" in Spanish colonies?
13. What was the central issue of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation?
14. Compared to the Spanish, how successful were colonization attempts by the British and French in the 1500s?

15. Who sponsored the explorer Martin Frobisher in the 1570s and what was he hoping to achieve?

Chapter 3: "The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601-1700"

1. James I of England granted land to the Virginia Company for the establishment of a colony. Were prior land claims of native peoples and Spanish settlers honored?

2. Why did Richard Hakluyt support English colonization of North America?
3. What is the significance of the Pocahontas - John Smith story?
4. Why was Powhatan suspicious of the English at Jamestown?
5. What was the main impediment to tobacco farmers in 1600s Virginia?
6. How did the "headright" system of immigration work?

7. What group of people made up the majority of non-Native American residents in the Chesapeake area during the 17th century?
8. Who were indentured servants and how were they treated by the planter class? How were indentured women treated differently than indentured men?
9. What was the relationship between Catholics and Protestants in Maryland?
10. What does the term "yeoman planter" mean?

11. What does the term "mercantilism" mean?
12. What were the issues of Bacon's Rebellion? What two groups were at odds with each other?
13. Why did the southern colonies shift from reliance on indentured servant labor to African slave labor?
14. What influence did the slave system in the Caribbean have on the development of the slave system in the Atlantic colonies?

15. How did slavery in the Chesapeake compare to slavery in Barbados?

Chapter 4: "The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601-1700"

1. Who was Roger Williams and which colony did he help found?
2. In its rejection of Catholic ritual, what did English Puritanism consider central to one's spiritual life?

3. What did Puritans think of Quakers?
4. Why was the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company unique?
5. What was the typical socio-economic background of Massachusetts Bay Puritans?
6. Why was Anne Hutchinson controversial?
7. What was the " Halfway Covenant"?
8. What was the purpose of the New England town meeting?
9. In what way did the population of New Netherland differ from other northern colonies?
10. What two additional colonies were created as a result of New York coming under English contro in the 1660sl?
11. Why did Charles II make a gift of a colony to William Penn?
12. What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts and how did they affect colonical commerce?

What defined citizenship in Massachusetts after it became a royal colony in 1691?
14. What was the legacy of King Philip's War for English settlers as well as Indians?
15. What was the purpose of the Dominion of New England?

16. What was the effect of the Glorious Revolution on English colonists in North America?

Test #3 (Chapters 5 -8)

Chapter 5: "Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701-1770"

1. What was the most significant change in 18th century colonial America?
2. From where did most immigrants to the English colonies come during the 18th century?
3. What group dominated New England commerce?

4. How did the lives of the least wealthy in New England compare with their counterparts in England?

5. What group held the most power in Pennsylvania?
6. What Pennsylvania policy promoted settlement of that colony?
7. What was the defining characteristic of the southern colonies?
8. Why were newly arrived African slaves purchased in small groups?
9. What was significant about the Stono rebellion?
10. To what church did New Englanders pay taxes to maintain?
11. What does the term "deist" mean?
12. What were the major characteristics of the Great Awakening?
13. Why did English colonial governors lack the trust of colonists?

14. What prompted the Spanish to fortify present day California?

Chapter 6: "The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775"

1. What caused the French and Indian War and why did the British win?
2. What was the purpose of the Proclamation Line of 1763?
3. What caused colonists' resentment against British authority during the 1760s?
4. What was the purpose of the Sugar Act?
5. What was the purpose of the Stamp Act?
6. How did the colony of Virginia respond to the Stamp Act?
7. Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty? How did they use protests and boycotts to illustrate their dislike of British authority?
8. What was the colonial response to the Townshend Duties?
9. How did the burning of the ship Gaspee affect British - colonial relations?
10. How did the Tea Act escalate tensions between colonists and British authorities?

11. What was the Boston Tea Party?

12. What was the purpose of the Coercive Acts?
13. What were the successes/failures of the First Continental Congress?

14. What was Lord Dunmore's Proclamation?
15. Who was Phyllis Wheatley and what were her accomplishments?

Chapter 7: "The War for America, 1775-1783"

1. What event resulted in the formation of the Second Continental Congress?

2. Why did most delegates to the Second Continental Congress remain reluctant to declare independence from Britain prior to 1776?
3. Who wrote Common Sense and what was its message?

4. What challenges did George Washington face as leader of the Continental Army?

5. What group(s) tended to remain loyal (Tories) to Britain during the Revolutionary War?
6. How did Congress pay for supplies and wages during the Revolutionary War?
7. What was the Amerian strategy for winning the war?
8. What was the British strategy for winning the war?
9. How did Native Americans react to the war?

10. How did the Continental Congress raise money to pay for the expenses of the war?
11. Why was the American victory at Saratoga (1777) a turning point?

12. What challenges did the British army face in the southern backcountry 1778-80?
13. How did French assistance help the Americans during the latter part of the war?
14. What is significant about the battle at Yorktown, Virginia (1781)?
15. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the Revolutionary War?

16. How were Native Americans affected by the Treaty terms?

Chapter 8: "Building a Republic, 1775-1789"

1. How did the Articles of Confederation address the issue of representation of states in Congress?

2. What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
3. In new state goverments, which branch of government was given the greatest power?

4. What was achieved by the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785?
5. What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 say about slavery?
6. What were the causes and legacy of Shays' Rebellion?
7. Why was the 1787 Constitutional Convention called?
8. What was the fundamental issue debated at the consitituional convention?

9. How did the convention delegates handle the issue of slavery?

10. What is the definition of "federalist" and "anti-federalist" with regard to support of the new constitution?

11. Why were The Federalist Papers written?

12. Who led opposition to ratification of the constitution in Virginia?

13. How many states had to ratify the constitution to put it into effect?
14. Why did James Madison describe--in Federalist #10--representative government as the "republican remedy" to the problem of faction?

Test #4 (Chapters 9 -12)

Chapter 9: "The New Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800"

1. What differences in philosophy led to the rift between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton?

2. What was the most significant factor that led to the election of George Washington to the presidency?
3. What promise was redeemed with the creation of the Bill of Rights by the first Congress?
4. How did republicanism affect women?
5. How did treasury secretary Hamilton propose to handle the national debt?
6. What was the criticism leveled at Hamilton's plan for the assumption of state debts?
7. What caused the Whiskey Rebellion and how did the federal government respond to it?
8. How did the United States respond to the 1790s rebellion in Haiti?

9. Who won the presidency and vice-presidency in 1796?
10. What was the "XYZ Affair"?
11. What group of people tended to be the target of the 1798 Sedition Act?
12. How was President John Adams' negotiated end to the Quasi-War with France harmful to his political career?

13. By 1800, what were the distinguishing characteristics of the Republicans and of the Federalists?

Chapter 10: "Republicans in Power, 1800-1824"

1. Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election the "revolution of 1800" and how did he dress the part of republican revolutionary?

2. What criticism did Jefferson level against Hamilton's view of government?
3. What was the lasting significance of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison?
4. What were the proper duties of the federal government according to President Jefferson?
5. What was significant about John Adams' "midnight judges" appointments?
6.How did the custom of "paying calls" influence social networking in Washington, DC?
7. What was significant about the War Hawk congress elected in 1810?
8. When Congress declared war on Britain in 1812, was the vote unanimous or along sectional lines?
9. What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812?
10. With regard to domestic relations, how did slave marriage differ from marriage between whites?
11. How did laws relating to domestic relations change or not change during the early years of the United States?

12. What political alliances were made in the House of Representatives to ensure passage of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

13. What was the Monroe Doctrine?

14. What territory did the U.S. gain with the Adams-Onis Treaty?

15. What were the components of Henry Clay's American System?

16. What event led Andrew Jackson to charge John Quincy Adams with having concocted a "corrupt bargain" to secure the presidency in 1824?

17. How were the causes of science and knowledge supported during the presidency of John Quincy Adams?

Chapter 11: "The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840"

1. What was significant about Americans' sense of self-determination during the Jacksonian Era and how did Jacksonians promote this?

2. What was advantageous/disadvantageous about steamboat travel?
3. Why were canals important to the national economy?
4. What were characteristics of the two party system by 1836?
5. What was the policy of the Jackson administration toward Native Americans?

6. How did Jacksonian policy express distrust of the economic elite?
7. How did the doctrine of "separate spheres" affect expectations about the proper role of men and women?
8. What changes came about in public education during the 1820s and 1830s?
9. What was the Second Great Awakening?
10. How did the evangelist Charles G. Finney blend Jacksonian political tactics with his religious message?

11. How common was alcohol consumption in the 1820s and what was the temperance movement's reaction to it?
12. Who was William Lloyd Garrison and what paper did he publish?
13. What obstacles did female abolitionist lecturers face that their male counterparts did not?
14. What were some causes of the Panic of 1837?
15. Why did President Martin VanBuren support an independent treasury?
16. How did ongoing questions about economic and social change affect voter participation during the 1840s-50s?

Chapter 12: "The New West and Free North, 1840-1860"

1. What new technology contributed to more productive factories in the mid-19th century?

2. What role did the agricultural sector play in the growth of the nation in the mid-19th century?

3. What arguments were made in favor of "free-labor" by people in the north and west?

4. What does the term "manifest destiny" mean?
5. How did the trip across the nation on the Oregon Trail affect men and women differently?
6.What prompted Mormons to migrate to Utah?
7. What sort of people migrated to Texas with Stephen Austin in the 1820s?
8. How important was the annexation of Texas in the 1844 presidential campaign?
9. Why did the U.S. go to war with Mexico and what was the outcome of the war?
10. What type of social environment was present in California during the Gold Rush?
11. Who were transcendentalists?
12. Why was the 1848 Seneca Falls women's rights convention significant?
13. Who was Harriet Tubman and what did she achieve?
14. By 1855, what were significant achievements by African-Americans in New England?

Test #5 (Chapters 13 -16)

Chapter 13: "The Slave South, 1820-1860"

1. What was the most important factor that divided South and North after 1820?

2. What percentage of world cotton supplies came from the American south by 1860?
3. What effect did Nat Turner's uprising have on Virignia's laws regulating the behavior of slave and free blacks?

4. What observations about North-South relations were made by the French writer Alexis de Tocqueville?
5. Which socio-economic class(es) in the south supported white supremacy?
6. How did the slave system discourage a diversified economy in the South?
7. What defined the "planter class"? What percentage of white southerners belonged to this group?
8. What characterized the life of planter class women?

9. What issue did the diarist Mary Chestnut Boykin expose as being of great concern to planter class women?
10. What characterized the lives of free blacks in the South?

11. What characterized the lives of slaveholding and non-slaveholding yeoman farmers?
12. What tasks were assigned to elderly slaves?
13. How did the institution of slavery affect voting patterns in the South?

Chapter 14: "The House Divided, 1846-1861"

1. What was the meaning of "popular sovereignty" as understood by Senator Lewis Cass?

2. What did President Zachary Taylor, a southerner, propose in 1849 with regard to California statehood?
3. What characterized the Compromise of 1850 and how effective was it?
4. What were the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act?
5. What effect did the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act have on political party formation?

6. What did the presidential election of 1856 reveal about the relative strengths/weaknesses of the Democractic and Republican parties?
7. What happened between Senator Charles Sumner and Representative Preston Brooks during the Congressional debate about Kansas in 1856? What did it indicate about tensions over Kansas?
8. What did the 1857 Dred Scott case rule with regard to Scott's citizenship? How did the case increase sectional tension?
9. What is significant about the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

10. What is significant about the outcome of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia?
11. What factors led to the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860?
12. In what southern states was secession most popular after Lincoln's election? What state was the first to secede?
13. What was the situation in the border states during the secession crisis?

14. Why did slave states in the Upper South initially resist secession?
15. How did Lincoln address the crisis in his inaugural address?

Chapter 15: "The Crucible of War, 1861-1865"

1. How did Northerners view the purpose of the Civil War in the early days?

2. What material strengths/weaknesses did the North have in supplying its army? the South?
3. Know the outcome and significance of the following battles: Manassas (or Bull Run) 1861; naval battle of the Merrimack and Monitor 1862; Vicksburg 1863; Gettysburg 1863.
4. What did Lincoln hope to accomplish by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation?

5.How did free black men in the North respond to the outbreak of war?
6. What stereotypes did women have to overcome before being accepted as nurses in the Civil War?
7. Why are Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton important women?
8. How did the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act contribute to the northern war effort?
9.What was the reaction in the north to the 1863 military draft law, especially in New York?

10. What factors contributed to the demoralization of Confederate troops by the last months of the war?
11. What was the greatest fear of white Southerner's with regard to blacks during the war?
12. Did Lincoln expect the end of the war to quickly restore national harmony?

Chapter 16: "Reconstruction, 1863-1877"

1. How did ex-slaveholders envision emancipation's effects on the southern economy?

2. Why did ex-slaves and reformers believe that newly freed blacks needed to own land?

3. Why did Lincoln think it important to pardon former Confederate soldiers?
4. How was President Andrew Johnson more of a Democrat than a Republican with regard to states' rights?

5. What was the purpose of southern states' "black codes"?
6. What are the three reconstruction era constitutional amendments and how were blacks affected by each of them?
7. How did the Ku Klux Klan begin and develop?

8. What major issues are associated with the Ulysses S. Grant presidency?
9. Who were southern "redeemers"?

10. How was the presidential election of 1876 decided?
11. What characterized the Compromise of 1877?

12. What, in the end, was achieved by Congress during Reconstruction?

Here are a few sample test questions:

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by
a. participating in nonconsumption agreements.
b. growing their own tea plants.
c. joining the Sons of Liberty in street protests.
d. marching on the governor's mansion as a group.

Penny press newspapers became popular with American readers in the 1830s by featuring
a. sophisticated analysis of political issues.
b. highbrow literature in serialized form.
c. breezy political coverage, irreverent editorials on current events, and crime reporting.
d. all of the above.

In the Lower South in 1860,
a. blacks outnumbered whites in all states.
b. whites outnumbered blacks in all states.
c. the numbers of whites and blacks were almost equal in number.
d. there were about as many blacks as there were in the North.

KEEP READING!!!!
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