Chapter 7-10 Possible Essay
Questions:
From book, class, coarse objectives on website
Chapter 7 Essay Questions
1. Differentiate between micronutrients and
macronutrients. What elements do the
letters CHONPS stand for?
2. Compare autotrophas and heterotrophs with
respect to the form of carbon-based nutrients they require.
3. Compare and contrast passive and active forms
of transport. Giving examples of each.
4. Look at the following diagrams and predict in
which direction osmosis will take place.
a)
Use arrows to show the net direction of osmosis.
b)
Describe what happens to each cell due to osmosis
c)
Is one of these microbes an extreme halophile?
Which one?
|
O |
O |
O
|
|
a) Solution: 1.0% salt Cell: .5% salt |
b) Solution: 1% salt Cell: 5% salt |
c) Solution: 10% salt Cell: 10% salt |
5. a)
What is the optimum temperature for humans?
b) What is optimum temperature for pathogens?
c) Why are most
pathogens mesophilic?
d) Give examples of mesophilic pathogens.
6. What is the natural habitat of a facultative
parasite? Of a strict saprobe? Give examples of both.
Chapt. 7 Coarse Objective Questions
1. Define
bacterial growth and how bacteria divide; define generation or doubling time.
2. Describe and give examples of how microbial
growth can be measured by cell numbers (direct) or by cell mass (indirect).
3. Describe
the physical and chemical growth requirements of bacteria, give examples and
effects of each.
4. Distinguish among the terms: 1) obligate
(strict) aerobes, 2) obligate (strict) anaerobes, 3) microaerophiles, 4)
facultative anaerobes, and 5) aerotolerant anaerobes.
5. Distinguish among the terms: 1) termophiles,
2) mesophiles, 3) psychrophiles, 4) halophiles, and 5) buffers
6. Define
growth factors and give some examples.
7. Label
and explain the phases of a bacterial growth curve and their relation to
generation time.
Chapter 8 Essay Questions
1. Describe the chemistry of
two types of enzymes and explain how the apoenzyme forms.
2. Describe the roles played by ATP and NAD in
metabolism
3. Name the major ways that substrate-level
phosphorylatin is different from oxidative phosphorylatin.
4. Compare aerobic and
anaerobic respiration with fermentation in general , terms of energy yield and
final electron acceptors.
5. Define
metabolism and contrast the fundamental differences between anabolism and
catabolism.
6.
Distinguish enzyme and substrate; describe the mechanism of enzyme action in
relation to energy of activation and active site.
7. Define
coenzyme and discuss the sources of important coenzymes.
8. Describe the enzyme levels within the
cell.
Describe constitutive
enzymes and regulated enzymes.
9. List and explain the factors in influencing
enzyme activity and explain enzyme nomenclature.
10. Describe
how (Phototroph)Photophosphorylation, (Chemoheterotroph) Oxidative
phosphorylation, and (Chemoheterotroph) Substrate-level phosphorylation
generate ATP during metabolism
11. Explain
oxidation-reduction and its importance in metabolism, picking out compounds
oxidized or reduced.
12. Define
fermentation and describe what happens in glycolysis, beginning with substrate
and explaining by-products, final products, and Net ATP.
13. Compare the Krebs cycle
to fermentation in terms of Substrates, Products, Coenzyme, and Net ATP.
14. Explain
the purpose of the electron transport chain.
15. Describe 1) Function of enzymes, 2) Benefits
of enzymes on molecules, 3)
Environmental effects on enzymes, and 4) Condition of Enzymes after
being utilized:
16. What are the classifications of enzyme
functions. Describe exoenzymes and endoenzymes functions.
17. Describe the Organic Catabolism cycles of:
1) Respiration
2) Aerobic Respiration - including final acceptor
and
3) Anaerobic Respiration – including final acceptor.
18. Describe the various
forms of energy: Thermal, radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic, and
chemical.
19. Describe the constitutive and regulated
enzyme levels within the cell.
Chapter 9 Essay Questions
1. Briefly describe how DNA is packaged to fit inside a cell
2. Describe what is meant b the antiparallel arrangement of DNA
3. On paper, replicate the following segment of DNA:
5’ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3’
3’ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5’
a) Show the direction of replication of the new strands and explain what the lagging and leading strands are.
b) Explain how this is semiconservative replication. Are the new strands identical to the original segment of DNA?
4. Explain the following relationship: DNA formats RNA, which makes proteins.
5. What message does a gene provide? How is the language of the gene expressed?
6. Compare the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.
7. a) Where does transcription begin?
b) What are the template and coding strands of DNA?
c) Why is only one strand transcribed?
d) Is the same strand of DNA always transcribed?
8. Compare and contrast the actions of DNA and RNA polymerase.
9. What are the functions of start and stop codons? Give examples of them.
10. Discuss the roles of exons and introns.
.
Chapt. 9 Coarse Objective Questions
1. Distinguish
between DNA and RNA with regard to chemical composition, nucleotides included
in each, location in the cell, and function.
2. Define the
following: Genetics, chromosome, gene,
genetic code, genetic recombination, codon, nonsense codon, phenotype,
genotype, mutation, constitutive enzymes, anticodon.
3. Explain, in
detail, how DNA replication occurs. Include
DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, primase and ligase.
4. Describe protein
synthesis (transcription and translation).
Explain the roles of chromosomal DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and
ribosomal RNA in the process as well as how complementary base pairing is
involved.
5. Illustrate a
hypothetical genetic code by spelling out the nucleotide codons of a segment of
m-RNA and indicating the sequence of amino acids that would be coded for in the
process of protein synthesis.
6. Distinguish among
the three processes of genetic recombination in procaryotes:
a) transformation,
b) transduction, and
c) conjugation.
Describe each
process, stating the means of transferring genetic material, the source of the
transferred genetic material, and the condition of the donor and recipient
cells before, during, and after each process.
10. Define plasmids and discuss their
functions
Chapter 10 Essay Questions
1. Define genetic engineering and biotechnology.
2. a) Describe the processes involved in denaturing and renaturing of DNA
b) What is useful about this procedure?
c) Why is it necessary to denature the DNA in the Southern blot test?
d) How would the Southern blot be used with PCR?
3. Define restriction endonuclease
4. Explain how electrophoresis works.
5. a) Briefly describe the functions of DNA synthesizers and sequencers.
b) How would you make a copy of DNA from an mRNA transcript?
c) Show how this process would look, using base notation.
6. What characteristics of plasmids makes them good cloning vectors?
7. a) Identify Two tools used for Recombinant DNA Technology.
b) Identify which tool is most important.
c) Identify 3 ways a desired gene is carried from one cell to another.
8. Give one example of how humans and plants benefit from Recombinant DNA Technology.
Chapt. 10 Coarse Objective questions from website:
1. Define
the following:
a.
recombinant DNA
b.
genetic engineering
c.
restriction enzymes
d.
gene library
e.
Cloning vector
f. PCR
2. Describe DNA probes, giving examples of
their use.
3. List the steps that are required in genetic engineering and some
applications of this biotechnology.