CHAPTER 13 SUMMARY – AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM

• ESTABLISHING U.S. BOUNDARIES
• DISPUTE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND U.S. OVER BOUNTRY OF MAINE
• WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY ESTABLISHED A DEFINTE BOUNDARY BETWEEN U.S. MAINE AND CANADA, BRUNSWICK
• DISPUTE OVER OREGON COUNTRY
• PRESIDENT POLK ALMOST WENT TO WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN OVER BOUNDARY
• AMERICAN RALLY CRY FOR OREGON WAS “FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT”
• POLK AND GREAT BRITAIN FINALLY AGREED TO 49^TH PARALLEL AND U.S. GOT PUGET SOUND – DEEPWATER PORT ON PACIFIC

• U.S. ACQUIRED TEXAS AND OTHER TERRITORY FROM MEXICO
• 1821 – MEXICO GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN
• 1830 – MEXICO INCLUDED TEXAS, NEW MEXIICO, ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH AND MUCH OF COLORADO
• 1833 – MEXICO EMANCPATED INDIANS FROM CHURCH AND GIEN TO LANDOWNERS OR RANCHEROS – WEALTHY RANCHEROS CONTROLLED CALIFORNIA

• MEXICO ENCOURAGED AMERICAN SETTLERS TO TEXAS – GAVE LAND TO STEPHEN F. AUSTIN
• RULES FOR SETTLERS
• NO SLAVERY
• MUST JOIN CATHOLIC CHURCH
• PAY IMPORT DUTIES ON GOODS FROM U.S.
• SETTLERS DID NOT GO BY THESE LAWS AND MEXICO WAS ANGRY
• TEXAS WANTS TO BE ITS OWN STATE – MEXICO REFUSES REQUEST
• 1836 – TEXANS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE FROM MEXICO – THEY JUST DID NOT WANT TO ACCEPT MEXICAN RULE
• 1836 – BATTLE OF ALAMO
• BATTLE AT GOLIAD
• FINAL BATTLE AT SAN JACINTO – GENERAL SAM HOUSTON
• SAM HOUSTON BECAME FIRST PRESIDENT OF TEXAS AND APPLIED FOR U.S. STATEHOOD
• U.S. CONGRESS REFUSED – JACKSON AFRAID OF WAR WITH MEXICO
• TEXAS WAS INDEPENDENT COUNTRY FOR 10 YEARS AND THEN BECAME STATE – 1845

• DOCTRINE OF MANIFEST DESTINY – JOHN O’SULLIVAN
• GOD IS ON OUR SIDE AND EXPANSION
• FREEDOM, DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
• POPULATION GROWTH REQUIRED NEW TERRITORY
• WAR WITH MEXICO
• DISPUTE BETWEEN TEXAS AND MEXICO ABOUT LAND – WHEN TEXAS BECAME STATE, U.S. IN DISPUTE
• DIIPLOMATIC CHANNELS FAIL AND U.S. DECLARED WAR ON MEXICO
• POLK WANTS CALIFORNIIA FOR ITS PORTS AND NEW MEXICO
• JOHN C. FREMONT IN CALIFORNIA
• COLONEL STEPHEN KEARNY TO SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO
• ZACHARY TAYLOR TO RIO GRADE TO INVADE MEXICO
• GENERAL SCOTT SENT TO VERACRUZ AND TAKE MEXICO CIITY
• TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO CEDED NEW MEXICO AND CALFORNIA FOR $15M AND ESTABLISHED RIO GRANDE AS BORDER
• U.S. GAINED CALIFORNIA, UTAH, NEW MEXICO, NEVADA AND ARIZONA AND PARTS OF COLORADO AND WYOMING

• WAR WITH MEXICO DIVIDED THE COUNTRY
• WHIG PARTY OPPOSED THE WAR IN PRINCIPLE – U.S. NO CLAIM ON THIS LAND
• NORTHERNS THOUGHT WAR WAS TO SPREAD THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY AND INCREASE POLITICAL POWER OF THE SOUTHERN STATES
• WILMOT PROVISO – A PROPOSAL TO PROHIBIT SLAVERY IN ANY TERRIITORIES THAT MIGHT BE ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO

• RISE OF RAILROADS DURING THIS TIME
• RAILROADS TRANSFORMED ECONOMY
• RAILROADS FIRST BIG BUSINESS
• FEDERAL LAND GRANTS TO RAILROADS

• INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AGRICULTURE BROUGHT IMMIGRANTS
• SEE INVENTION ON PAGE 355
• MOST IMMIGRANTS WERE FROM WESTERN EUROPE AND CAME TO THE NORTHEAST
• MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS WORKED IN FACTORIES
• NOT EASY TRANSITION FOR IMMIGRANTS FROM RURAL TO URBAN