Chapter 11 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 The American interest in World War I was based on The well-being of the US depended on the balance of power & outcome of the war. There was economic interest of farmers, bankers, & producers of raw material whose prosperity rested on an Allied victory. Both of these answers are correct. 2 The sea power & trade patterns of the Allies & Central Powers included The patterns of trade depended on the relative strength of the Royal Navy & the effectiveness of the German U-boats. The Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic except for submarines. American public opinion was more concerned with the U-boat campaign than with the British blockade of German seaports. Germany planned one massive unrestricted U-boat campaign in the Spring of 1917 to knockout the Allies before the US could send troops to Europe. All of the answers are correct. 3 All of the following were fronts in World War I EXCEPT The northern front in Finland & Norway saw battles between the Russians & the Finns. The eastern front from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans saw conflicts between the Russians & the Central Powers. The southern front in northern Italy saw the Allies & Central Powers battle. The western front from the North Sea to Switzerland saw major battles. 4 The US raised a larger Army by The US Army in April 1917 was just 133,111 with 185,000 more men in the National Guard. The Selective Service Act of 1917 put the call up in the hands of local civilian boards appointed by state officials. In 1917 the draft took few people since there were already 700,000 volunteers. All of the answers are correct. 5 The General Headquarters (GHQ) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) planned for In May 1917 the GHQ of the AEF sailed for France under GEN John J. Pershing. Pershing wanted to form his own US Army in Europe & not spread out US troops among Allied armies. Pershing wanted to mass the US Army in Lorraine between Verdun & the Moselle River to attack Metz & the Saar. They felt it would take 30 divisions of 1,100,000 men to accomplish the mission. All of the answers are correct. 6 The US mobilized its economy for war by Wilson disliked large concentrations of power in industry but demand for war goods exceeded supply greatly. The War Industries Board, dominated by businessmen but not trusted by Wilson, was created in July 1917. The War Department shifted to cost-plus-fixed fee contracts & deluged the economy with orders & money. The US built more merchant vessels, expanded production of food, expanded domestic conservation of food & fuel, & took over the management of some railroads. All of the answers are correct. 7 In the Atlantic Ocean Campaign against the U-boats The US Navy under ADM William Simms developed the convoy system to protect merchant ships. Simms wanted to concentrate his destroyers in the eastern Atlantic but Washington wanted them in the western Atlantic. The major American effort was troopship protection. The US chartered more merchantmen & built more anti-submarine vessels. All of the answers are correct. 8 Other Navy involvement in World War I included all of the following EXCEPT The Navy attacked the Japanese Fleet off Guam. The US provided railway artillery for Army & Marine troops on the western front in France. The US Navy helped with the North Sea Mine Barrage & also tried blockading operations against U-boat bases on the North Sea. The US Navy was involved with aviation for convoy protection & reconnaissance duties. Eight US battleships served with the Home Fleet of the RN. 9 During World War I, the US Navy did The US Navy accomplished its primary wartime mission ensuring the US Army & USMC troops & supplies reached Europe from the Western Hemisphere. There were only five sinkings of U-boats by the US Navy. The U-boats attacked mostly slow merchantmen. All of the answers are correct. 10 The War Department was reorganized in World War I with More authority went to the War Department General Staff under GEN Peyton C. March. MG George Goethals of Panama Canal fame took over & reorganized the Purchase, Storage & Traffic Division of the General Staff. The Selective Service System was reorganized & raised calls from 23,000/month to 275,000/month. All of the answers are correct. 11 The Allied strategy included The Allies wanted to amalgamate American units into existing British & French armies using the leverage of British shipping & French equipment to get their objective. Pershing refused the Allies' request & wanted the US troops to fight as the US Army because he doubted Allied command procedures, organization concepts, & leadership would be acceptable to US troops. The US Army would train with the British but fight separately in the Lorraine sector. The German spring offensive of 1918 forced the speed up of US troops to Europe. All of the answers are correct. 12 Pershing faced all of the following problems EXCEPT There were problems between GHQ AEF & the General Staff in DC. President Wilson lacked confidence in Pershing. There were problems over shipping schedules, assignment & promotion of officers, management of the AEF supply system, & procurement of weapons. There was a lack of skillful officers at almost every level of command. Enlisted men got VD & became drunk, the USMC wanted it own division, & Black troops end up fighting in the French Army. 13 In the initial ground warfare for the US Army in 1918 The Germans launched an offensive from March 20, 1918-July 15, 1918 with five assaults & inflicted serious losses on the Allies. The British had a 40 by 60 mile salient driven in their lines. A German assault in Flanders drew off British reinforcements. The US 2nd & 3rd Divisions were used to stop the German attack at the Marne River. All of the answers are correct. 14 US supply problems in Europe included US supplies came from the ports of Brest & Bordeaux forward by rail to a series of depots that maintained levels of supplies for 15 to 45 days of operations. Pershing promoted MG James Hargood to commend the operation to reduce reserve supplies by careful management & more realistic estimates of true needs. Both of the answers are correct. 15 The US Army Air Service in World War I The Air Service had no senior officers since Billy Mitchell, Benjamin Foulois, & Raynal Bolling were all young so Pershing put MG Mason D. Patrick of the Engineers in command. The primary mission was at first to observe & photograph enemy troops positions but it expanded to fighting & bombing. The US ended up with 20 pursuit squadrons, 18 observation squadrons & 7 bombing squadrons. The US Air Service lost 235 men & 289 planes to destroy 781 German planes & 73 balloons. All of the answers are correct. 16 The US Army counteroffensive in 1918 included Pershing concentrated the US troops around the Marne Salient. The counteroffensive saw 8 US divisions operating together & drove the Germans back along the Aisne & Vesle Rivers. Pershing created the 1st US Army with 15 US & 5 French divisions. The St. Michel offensive (Sept. 12-16) achieved its objectives & had US air support. All of the answers are correct. 17 In the Meuse-Argonne Offensive Pershing used 600,000 US troops & 4,000 artillery pieces with nine divisions attacking along the Meuse-Argonne front. The initial US attack bogged down on the left & center but on the right was successful. Pershing sent in reinforcements & heavy artillery support so that the US troops gained their objectives by the end of the war. The US Army used night attacks without preliminary bombardments & surprised the Germans rupturing their positions between Sedan & Metz. All of the answers are correct. 18 The Allied view of the American contributions in World War I included all of the following EXCEPT Japan greatly appreciated the value of the US contributions. The British & French felt the US arrived late & at a relatively small cost in men & money emerged on the winning side. The Allies minimalized US contributions. The Germans felt they were defeated by war-weary revolutionaries at home & the British at the front. World War I showed the face of a future war.

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