Chapter 13 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 US military plans before FDR's 1940 re-election included In 1938 the strategy was the defense of the western hemisphere since they felt Guam & the Philippines couldn't be defended & in 1939 they improved the readiness but didn't mobilize the Army & Navy. In 1940 FDR gave 50 WW I destroyers to Britain in exchange for bases to defend the Panama Canal & also in 1940 they doubled the US Navy's combatant ship authorization. In June 1940 300,000 national guardsmen were called to active duty. In September 1940 Congress passed the first peacetime draft. All of the answers are correct. 2 US military plans after FDR's 1940 re-election included Public opinion swung toward active support for Britain. Germany remained the major challenge with manpower, industrial might, & military capacity so military planner adopted a "Germany first" strategy. In March 1941 FDR turned to a Lend-lease program to get equipment to Britain when they couldn't pay for it. In June 1941 Hitler invaded the Soviet Union & gave the Allies their greatest strategic advantage. All of the answers are correct. 3 The Atlantic War of 1941 included The most strategic challenge was getting the Lend-lease to Britain through the U-boats FDR used the guise of neutral rights to have the US Navy patrol the western Atlantic The US Navy convoyed merchantmen to Iceland and the USMC occupied Iceland to prevent a German invasion. The US Navy fought an undeclared war with the Germans in the Atlantic. All of the answers are correct. 4 The Japanese threat in the Pacific in 1941 included The most strategic Pacific concern was deterring Japan from expansion. In June 1941 Japan occupied French Indochina. In the summer of 1941 FDR froze Japanese assets in the US & embargoed oil. In January 1941 FDR moved the Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor to deter Japan eventhough ADM Richardson objected. All of the answers are correct. 5 The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor included all of the following EXCEPT The Japanese felt a strike at Pearl Harbor to cripple the Pacific Fleet was critical for their strikes on the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore & the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese wanted a quick, limited war of conquest followed by strategic defense & negotiated peace assuming the Allies would exhaust themselves in war against Germany. FDR knew of the coming attack on Pearl Harbor & let it happen to get the US into World War II. The Japanese took six carriers undetected through the northern Pacific to 200 miles north of Pearl Harbor & launched an attack that crippled the US battleships & aircraft. The Japanese failed to find the three US carriers & didn't damage the fleet repair facilities or fleet fuel supply. 6 In the Asian theater the Japanese conquered all of the following in 1942 EXCEPT Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore & part of Burma from the British the Carolines & Solomons from Germany the Dutch East Indies from Holland Guam, Wake, & the Philippines from the US 7 In the Philippines in 1941-42 The defense of the Philippines rested with the Asiatic Fleet, a far eastern Air Force of 140 aircraft, the Regular Army garrison of 31,000 men & 100,000 Filipino troops. The aircraft were destroyed on the ground while refueling. MacArthur tried to defend the beaches but pulled back to Bataan without all his supplies which doomed Bataan to defeat. MacArthur was evacuated to Australia where he stated "I shall return" but Corregidor surrendered in May 1942 All of the answers are correct. 8 The American counterattack in 1942 included FDR changed USN leadership with Ernest King as CNO & Chester Nimitz as CINCPAC. The Japanese tried to take Port Moresby but were stopped at the Coral Sea where all the attacking was done by naval aircraft not ship gun battles. The Japanese wanted to take Midway to use as a bomber base to render Pearl Harbor untenable. The USN broke the Japanese code & knew the Aleutian attack was just a diversion so they ambushed & sunk four Japanese carriers northeast of Midway which ended the long range offensive strength of the IJN. All of the answers are correct. 9 US strategic plans included The Atlantic Charter was issued in August 1941 even before the US entered the war & then the ABC statement was "beat Hitler first." The British waned to defeat Germany by strategic bombing, aid to the Russians, & military operations along the vulnerable frontiers but avoid a direct confrontation in Europe with the Wehrmacht. The British waned operations centered in the Mediterranean to divert German troops from USSR. The US wanted an early invasion (a Second Front in 1942) of France because they doubted strategic bombing would be decisive & didn't think the Mediterranean would draw German troops from USSR but agreed to attacks in North Africa. All of the answers are correct 10 The Allied command arrangements included all the following EXCEPT The Joint Chiefs of Staff (ADM William Leahy chair, George Marshall, Ernest King, & Henry Arnold) advised FDR. The Joint Chiefs of Staff became part of the Combined Chiefs of Staff with the British & created a joint staff. The US & British organized their field forces as both combined (all Allied) and joint (all services) in each geographic theater. The British & French Joint staff planned operations against Germany in Antarctica. In the Pacific MacArthur commanded in the Southwest Pacific (USA-USAAF advance through jungles to Philippines) & Nimitz in Central Pacific (fleet actions & amphibious operations). 11 The economic mobilization of the US for the war included FDR wanted to make the US the "Arsenal of Democracy" to spend more money ($350 billion) and get fewer casualties (405,399). The US mobilized manpower (16,000,000) in the military & in industry (60,000,000). Industrial mobilization depended on the profit motive & corporate leadership so the government used cost-plus-fixed profit basis with incentives. The government established the Office of War Mobilization in 1943 under James Byrnes to be the central coordinator of mobilization. All of the answers are correct. 12 The war was financed by increased income, corporate & excise taxes that paid 40% of the war costs borrowing $187,000,000,000 with war bonds regulated credit via the Federal Reserve System All of the answers are correct. 13 Scientific advances occurred in the US including The government established the Office of Scientific Research & Development to turn university & industrial labs into critical war projects. The US developed radar, anti-tank rockets, amphibious vehicles, bombing guidance systems, improved shells, radar controlled proximity fuses, & miracle drugs. The US developed the atomic bomb. All of the answers are correct. 14 Allied intelligence advantages in World War II included all of the following EXCEPT They were successful in signal intelligence with code-breaking & careful analysis of radio messages. The code-breaking was sometimes by cryptoanalysis but mostly by captured codebooks & equipment & errors by enemy radio operators. The Chief of Japanese Intelligence defected & brought with him many codes. US had broken the Japanese diplomatic codes before Pearl Harbor but broke the military codes with ULTRA. 15 In the U-boat war in the Atlantic all of the following occurred Manpower, supplies & weapons had to reach Britain to do any good. In 1942 the balance of the Battle of the Atlantic was favorable to the Germans with an unbroken code, wolfpack tactics, & few U-boats sunk. The USN, RN, & RCN used convoys with merchantmen in the middle protected by warships around them. In summer 1943 the Allies won with more intensive anti-submarine training, more ships, B-24 patrol planes, jeep carriers, better radar, ASW ordnance, & broken German codes. All of the answers are correct. 16 The US campaign in the Pacific included The USN/USMC landed in the South Pacific at Guadalcanal & depended on air & naval superiority. The US fought seven fleet engagements around Guadalcanal & lost 24 ships but the IJN lost more. MacArthur's Southwest Pacific campaign on New Guinea depended on USAAF air support & amphibious landings behind Japanese lines to "hit them where they ain't" MacArthur isolated Rabaul in 1943. All of the answers are correct. 17 In North Africa in 1942-1943 all of the following occurred EXCEPT The US landed at Casablanca, Oran & Algiers in 1942 & Vichy French resistance collapsed. Hitler occupied all of France & put German troops into Tunisia & defeated the Americans at Kasserine Pass but Patton & Montgomery trapped the Afrika Korps in Tunisia. Hitler evacuated the Afrika Korps from Tunisia when Rommel personally requested it. The US & Britain invaded Sicily with Montgomery moving up the east coast & Patton driving west & then east to Messina. The Germans evacuated their forces from Sicily to Italy. 18 In Italy in 1943 King Victor Emmanuel replaced Mussolini. The US attacked at Salerno & the British attacked the toe & heel of the Italian peninsula. The Wehrmacht swiftly sent troops into Italy & Kesselring negotiated the disarmament of the 1,100,000 man Italian Army. The Allies were stopped at the Gustav Line 100 miles south of Rome by the weathers & the Germans. All of the answers are correct.

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