Chapter 14 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 In terms of Second Front planning in 1943-44 Churchill wanted to expand the Mediterranean campaign with possible invasions in the Balkans or western Italy to keep the USSR out of western Europe. The US & USSR wanted an invasion in France in 1944. The US wanted a simultaneous invasion of southern France with northwest France but didn't have enough ships for both. The US wanted to keep the USSR happy so they would enter the war against Japan. All of the answers are correct. 2 The Pacific planning for 1944 included Nimitz wanted an advance in the central Pacific through the Gilberts, Carolines, & Marshalls & then use the Marianas as bases for long-range B-29's & submarines. MacArthur wanted to move up the coast of New Guinea to the Philippines for a triumphant return to the Philippines. The Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized the dual drives across the Pacific. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were disillusioned with the China-Burma-India strategy where Chaing Kai-shek was more interested in fighting war lords & Communists than the Japanese. All of the answers are correct. 3 Allied bombing efforts in Europe included While strategic bombing was a part of the overall strategy, prohibitive losses caused the RAF to switch from daylight precision bombing of war targets to night-time operations against civilians & cities. The USAAF carried out daylight precision bombing against industrial targets & in 1943 launched some very costly long-range raids on Germany. In 1944 the development of the P-51 fighter allowed fighter escort of bombers over Germany & the 15th AF from Italy hit targets in southern Germany. The Luftwaffe suffered from a shortage of experienced pilots & fuel but the overall Allied bombing destruction of Germany came too late to decide the battle of Europe. All of the answers are correct. 4 In the Pacific US forces were organized including MacArthur used the 6th & 8th US Armies with Australians in the SW Pacific and he had the 5th AAF & 7th US Fleet for amphibious operations. Nimitz had the 3rd (Halsey) & 5th (Spruance) Fleets plus the 7th USAAF & four USMC divisions & four US Army divisions for operations. Both answers are correct. 5 In the 1943-1944 Pacific campaigns Nimitz assaulted Tarawa & Makin in the Gilberts & demonstrated the need for amphibious tractors & methodical airpower & gunfire support. Nimitz took Kwajalein & Eniwetok as bases to isolate four Japanese bases in the Marshalls. MacArthur combined the isolation of Rabaul with a movement toward the Philippines by moving up the coast of New Guinea. All of the answers are correct. 6 In the Mariana Islands in 1944 all of the following occurred EXCEPT The 5th Fleet & USMC captured Saipan, Tinian, & Guam & destroyed the IJN air power at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The USN sunk three IJN carriers & shot down 480 planes in the "Great Mariana's Turkey Shoot." These captured islands gave the US airbases for B-29 raids on Japan. MacArthur was the commander of these operations. 7 MacArthur's return to the Philippines included all of the following EXCEPT MacArthur bypassed Yap in the western Carolines & struck Leyete in October 1944 with the 6th Army & the use of the 3rd Fleet. The IJN tried to stop the invasion with the Battle of Leyete Gulf after drawing off the US fleet carriers, the main IJN force turned back but other IJN forces were sunk in the Suriago Straits. The Japanese introduced the use of the kamikazes in the Philippines. Nimitz exercised overall command for these operations. 8 The Battle of Peleliu showed a change in Japanese tactics that included The Japanese exploited an interlocking system of caves & concealed weapons bunkers. The US turned to flame throwers, explosives, & close-in assaults. Sometimes the US used bulldozers to bury the Japanese in their fortifications. The US lost twice as many men as thought necessary. All of the answers are correct. 9 In Operation OVERLORD The Allies tried to exploit Allied air & naval superiority to prevent German reinforcements from coming up & misled the Germans about the place of the invasion. On June 6, the Allies put 100,000 men ashore in Normandy in one day on five beaches with paratroopers guarding the flanks. The hedgerow country & strong German defenses turned the campaign into a two month costly slug-fest. Eisenhower ordered Patton's 3rd US Army to break out of the beachhead in Operation COBRA while Allied airpower destroyed a German armored counterattack. All of the answers are correct. 10 The Allied advance in Europe included Some German officers attempted to assassinate Hitler on July 20, 1944 The Allies took Rome on June 4, 1944 Operation ANVIL invaded southern France, drove up the Rhone River Valley & linked up with Patton coming east. The race across France slowed as the Allies outran supplies so Montgomery tried a paratrooper drop (Operation MARKETGARDEN) that failed due to poor Allied intelligence about Arhem. All of the answers are correct. 11 Eisenhower's problems included There were operational problems due to Montgomery wanting to command US troops for an advance through Holland. There were political problems when FDR lost faith in Eisenhower's ability after the defeat at Arhem. There were logistical problems when Eisenhower determined he wanted more divisions but would only get 50. There were organizational problems because the number of front-line infantry soldiers was small compared to the number of support troops. All of the answers are correct. 12 In the US submarine warfare in the Pacific In 1942 there were too few submarines patrolling too much ocean. In 1942 there were tactical problems including inadequate torpedoes& sonar & tracking equipment & timid peacetime commanders. The size of the submarine force was doubled & the length of patrols increased with more aggressive captains, better signal intercept intelligence, better torpedoes & operations from forward bases. The destruction of the Japanese merchant marine was the primary mission & was successful in sinking 3 million tons of Japan's 5 million ton fleet. All of the answers are correct. 13 In the air war against Japan The B-29 was critical with a range of 2,000 miles with 10 tons of bombs flying at 30,000 feet. China was used as a bomber base first but the supply problem shifted the US bases to the Marianas with XXI Bomber Command running percision-bombing, high-altitude missions. MG Curtis LeMay was brought from Europe & changed the characters of the campaign by instituting low-level incendiary attacks on Japanese cities. Increased numbers of large plane raids devastated Japanese cities by summer 1945. All of the answers are correct. 14 During the Battle of the Bulge campaign The Allies underestimated Hitler's intentions & Hitler ordered tank production & manpower into divisions on the Rhine for a massive counteroffensive to capture Antwerp & split the Allies. In mid-December the Germans attacked through the Anrdennes Forest & for 2 weeks it looked like they might reach Antwerp but isolated units slowed the German timetable. The Germans were forced into a narrow front when both US flanks held & when the weather cleared US airpower proved decisive with Patton's 3rd Army advancing from the south. The US lost 100,000 men but the Germans lost 120,000 men with tanks, artillery & mechanized vehicles that they could not replace. All of the answers are correct. 15 MacArthur's campaign in the Philippines saw MacArthur used the 6th & 8th US Armies & the 7th Fleet to turn to Luzon with the help of USAAF fighter support from Mindoro. The Japanese used kamikazes against the USN causing 1,100 casualties & sinking 26 ships. The US 6th & 8th Armies crushed the Japanese with artillery & close-in air support. Yamashita ordered Manila abandoned & fell back into the hills to fight a guerrilla war but IJN troops held Manila & caused a massacre. All of the answers are correct. 16 In the campaign for Iwo Jima, The battle showed the damage that cave-and-bunker defenses could cause. The USMC sent 3 divisions in & lost 6,000 men dead & 20,000 wounded to kill the 21,000 Japanese on the island (first time Japanese inflicted more casualties than they took.) Iwo Jima was used as an advanced fighter based & emergency landing field for damaged bombers returning from runs over Japan (saved 25,000 airmen.) All of the answers are correct. 17 The end of the war in Europe saw In Italy the Allies reached the Po River Valley. The USSR was within 30 miles of Berlin by April 1945. The US & British went eastward across the Rhine into Austria & Czechoslovakia. Hitler committed suicide & GADM Doenitz surrendered Germany. All of the answers are correct. 18 The end of the war in the Pacific included The US 10th Army & 2 USMC divisions with the 5th Fleet invaded Okinawa where the Japanese used 2,800 kamikazes. The US Army & USMC lost 40,000 men against the 100,000 Japanese. Truman decided to use the atomic bomb to end the war & save US & Japanese casualties. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki & then the Japanese surrendered. All of the answers are correct.

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