Chapter 16 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 The US post-Korean War defense policy included all the following EXCEPT The US turned from a crisis-oriented military policy to programs to last as long as the rivalry with the USSR. Defense policy was the principal instrument for containing the spread of Communism. It further refined the concepts of containment, strategic deterrence & forward collect defense. Nuclear weapons were at the heart of US strategy. The USMC was the dominant service within defense policy. 2 US nuclear deterrence It was based on the strategic "triad" of intercontinental bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles, & submarines armed with intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The US had superiority in numbers due to the bomber force. Both of the answers are correct. 3 US policies in the 1950's & 1960's included The US was a member of NATO for the defense of western Europe with nuclear forces deployed forward but France presented problems with an independent atomic bomb. The US & SEATO guaranteed the protection of South Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia The US sent military aid to Greece & the Philippines. The CIA overthrew governments in Iran (1953), Guatemala (1954) & conducted covert operations against Communist Cuba after 1959. All of the answers are correct. 4 Eisenhower's "New Look" defense policy included The policy of "Security with Solvency" cut the defense budget from 64% of federal spending to 47%. Eisenhower de-emphasized conventional forces & emphasized deterrence & war-fighting potential of nuclear forces. Intelligence sources on the USSR moved from human agents to communications interception, radar stations along USSR border,& U-2 spy planes. SAC was the centerpiece of US defense & the USAF ICBM's were further developed. All of the answers are correct. 5 Eisenhower's reorganization of the Defense Department included Eisenhower refused to re-appoint the "Democratic Chiefs" from the JCS of the Truman Administration. Eisenhower wanted to centralize power around the President, Secretary of Defense & Joint Chiefs of Staff. Eisenhower institutionalized the National Security Council weekly meetings. The Chairman of the JCS got more power over the staff. All of the answers are correct. 6 Eisenhower's actions in the 1950's included The US substituted nuclear weapons for conventional forces in NATO extending US nuclear deterrence to Europe. In Asia the US had bilateral treaties with South Korea & Taiwan & the US agreed to the temporary partition of Vietnam & independence of Laos & Cambodia. In the Middle East, the Eisenhower Doctrine sent aid & the USMC went into Lebanon to prevent a coup. In Cuba, Castro overthrew Batista & Cuba became a Soviet satellite. All of the answers are correct. 7 The Kennedy Defense policy included all EXCEPT The policy is called "Flexible Response" & meant the US would meet Communist threats with a appropriate level of matching force. The USSR challenged the US with "Wars of National Liberation" in Third World countries. The US would use nuclear weapons to defend the sanctity of South Vietnam. 8 Military modernization with Kennedy included Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense, made decision-making reforms using planning-programming-budgeting systems from business schools. The Secretary of Defense, not the State Department,t became the primary agency of foreign policy. ICBMs and nuclear submarines were increased & the manned bomber force was cut in half. Kennedy wanted a "two and a half" war conventional force which meant the conventional forces were expanded. All of the answers are correct. 9 In West Berlin The USSR built the Berlin Wall to keep refugees from leaving eastern Europe & to threaten Allied control of West Berlin. Kennedy called 148,000 reservists to active duty & found the USAFR & USNR were good but the USAR & National Guard lacked equipment & training. Both of the answers are correct. 10 In the Cuban Crises of 1961-62 USSR used Cuba as a base for National Wars of Liberation so the CIA trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. Kennedy okayed the invasion of the Bay of Pigs but doomed the effort when he failed to allow air cover. USSR flooded Cuba with advisors & nuclear missiles. Kennedy agreed to a naval blockade that ended when the USSR agreed to remove the missiles if the US didn't invade Cuba. All of the answers are correct.

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