Chapter 17 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 The cost of the war in Vietnam included The US sent 3,400,000 service personnel to SE Asia & spent $150,000,000,000. The US lost 47,364 KIA & 10,797 died of accidents with 313,616 WIA. South Vietnam lost 200,000 KIA & 2,000,000 civilian casualties out of a population of 17,000,000. North Vietnam lost about 900,000 KIA. All of the answers are correct. 2 The results of the Vietnam War included The US in 1975 spent fewer dollars on defense than in 1953. There was widespread discontent with the conduct of national security affairs, erosion of public support for war & declining faith in the federal government. The power if the presidency declined & a wave of unilateralism & isolationism swept over both parties. The armed forces were demoralized and materially crippled as they were deprived of the draft & stripped of money to buy new weapons. All of the answers are correct. 3 The background to the Vietnam War included all of the following EXCEPT President Diem took control of South Vietnam in 1954 & built his government on the bureaucracy, urban middle class, military officers, national policy, refugees from North Vietnam, & the Roman catholic Church. Diem left much of running of the government to his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu & his wife Madame Nhu. Diem had the full confidence of the US government. The Communists had 5,000 agents in South Vietnam & started a guerrilla war using the Viet Cong in 1958. 4 All of the following were true about North Vietnam EXCEPT It was led by Ho Chi Minh. North Vietnam organized the Viet Cong & ordered them into battle. North Vietnam was a democratic government. North Vietnam had the support of the USSR & Communist China. 5 The Kennedy policy in Vietnam included In 1961 there was an assistance program to strengthen the Diem government starting with 3,000 advisors & enlarged to 16,000 men in 1963. By 1963 US advisors moved from training camps to being with operational South Vietnamese units & the Special Forces organized & trained 10,000 Montagnard hill tribesmen to fight. There were problems with Buddhist monks who led protests against Diem's government & the secret police struck back. On Nov. 1, 1963 a clique of ARVN generals overthrew & killed Diem & three weeks later JFK was assassinated in the US. All of the answers are correct. 6 Lyndon Johnson's initial Vietnam policy included Johnson didn't like war but feared a foreign policy defeat so he initially approved raids on Communist bases outside South Vietnam but not air bombing of North Vietnam. North Vietnam attacked USN destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin in August 1964 & Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin resolution allowing LBJ "to take all necessary steps." US military advisors told LBJ to use air power against NVN military bases, transportation systems & close the port of Haiphong but LBJ only approved a very limited list of targets. LBJ was for gradual escalation with bombing halts to let NVN negotiate. All of the answers are correct. 7 The US ground campaign beginning in RVN included LBJ agreed to put a minimum of ground forces in RVN to protect air bases & by July 1965 almost 200,000 troops were there. LBJ refused to allow US troops to attack NVA bases & lines of communication in Laos & Cambodia. Within RVN, the US forces took responsibility for defeating main-force NVA & VC battalions who numbered 200,000 men. Westmoreland wanted to exploit helicopter mobility & air & artillery superiority against NVA which threw the NVA on the defensive. All of the answers are correct. 8 The US military in Vietnam by 1967 included Westmoreland had 450,000 men in country. The US built, manned & protected an elaborate system of air & logistical bases. The war was in four areas; the northern provinces (2USMC divisions), central highlands & coastal areas (2 USA divisions); war zones NW of Siagon (4 USA divisions) & Mekong Delta. All of the answers are correct. 9 The US troops in South Vietnam included Most troops were in administrative & support units with little danger. The infantry units were either in unpopulated mountain jungles or heavy forest searching for Communists regulars to find, fix, & destroy them with air, artillery, or close infantry combat. Other US troops were in the rice paddies where US unit swept through populated rural areas & conducted small patrols & security operations around villages. All of the answers are correct. 10 The US air power in RVN included Communist air defense in RVN is ground fire from rifles so it was fairly safe for USMC & USAF pilots to hit the Communists with napalm & high explosives. Helicopters carried troops & provided gunfire support but 5,000 helos were lost in war. The trump card was B-52 strikes that could put 100 tons of high explosives within a square mile from an altitude of seven miles. All of the answers are correct. 11 The US Navy effort included Medical corpsmen fought with the USMC & Seabees constructed facilities. The Navy provided off-shore gunfire support. The Navy cut down on the flow of supplies by sea from NVN to RVN. There was a brown water navy of junks & patrol boats operating in the Mekong Delta & rivers to prevent VC use of the waters. All of the answers are correct. 12 Other types of warfare against the VC infrastructure included The USMC initiated a Combined Action program in 1965 to put USMC in village militias to eliminate the VC. MACV sponsored a pacification program. CORDS used Revolutionary Development to put armed social workers in villages, Open Arms amnesty to get the VC to turn themselves in, and Operation Phoenix to kill or capture the Communist cadre. All of the answers are correct. 13 LBJ's bombing campaign included Operation Rolling Thunder came & went as LBJ chose targets for public relations, international diplomacy, & bureaucratic consensus reasons but it failed. McNamara wanted to limit targets & established a sanctuary in Hanoi & Haiphong. Two years later LBJ opened up the target list but USSR & Communist China gave NVN $2,000,000,000 in aid & air defense system. By 1967 the US forces prevented a Communist victory but hadn't turned the corner. All of the answers are correct. 14 The Tet Offensive included The Tet offensive had the VC infiltrate SVN cities & hit US administrative & logistical bases. The January 1968 attack hit 200 cities, towns & villages. The US was not completely surprised but didn't anticipate the scope & size of the attack & the NVA reinforcing attacks were stopped with US airpower. The VC lost 80,000 men so it was a catastrophic battlefield loss for the Communists but a propaganda victory for them. All of the answers are correct. 15 Richard Nixon's Plan to end the Vietnam War included Nixon feared unconditional US withdrawal & wanted to save RVN without dependence on US ground troops. Nixon wanted to end the draft & reduce US casualties to stop war critics. The Vietnamization of the war let the ARNV fight with US air & artillery support while the air war concentrated on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The US ground invasion of Cambodia tried to get at a NVA base camp but revived anti-war protests. All of the answers are correct. 16 The NVA Plan to end the war included In April 1972 the NVA launched 12 divisions across the DMZ with Soviet tanks & armored vehicles. The US used close-in air support & destroyed NVA armor & supply lines. Nixon ordered the bombing of Hanoi & Haiphong which ruined NVN's economy & exhausted NVN air defenses. NVN agreed to end the war in 1973 & it worked until 1975 when NVA launched another massive ground invasion of RVN & Congress refused to allow Ford to use air power to stop it. All of the answers are correct. 17 The results of the Vietnam War on the US military included The manpower policy changed dramatically with an end of the draft & shifted to all volunteers. Many career officers & NCOs retired Technical updates of equipment lagged & cost overruns went up 36%. There was too little spent on the armed forces operations & maintenance & military efficiency declined. All of the answers are correct. 18 The idea of Coalition Defense included Nixon & Ford tried to get our allies to shoulder more of the defense burden. There were problems in NATO when Greece & Turkey fought over Cypress in 1974. Congress cut executive branch authority to mount covert operations against Communist governments & the 1968 The Foreign Military Sales Act restricted arms transfers. The War Powers Act of 1973 required Congressional approval of troop deployments abroad in a combat situation within 60 days of commitment. All of the answers are correct.

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