Chapter 3 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 Results of the French & Indian War that led to the American Revolution included The French & Indian War left Britain with a large war debt that had to be paid. The British North American Interior needed to be protected against the Indians. Chief Pontiac launched a war against the colonists but was defeated by Thomas Gage. All of the answers are correct. 2 British frontier policy after 1763 included The Proclamation Line of 1763 attempted to separate the colonists and the Indians. The policy wanted to garrison the west with British regulars. The Colonists wanted to move west of the Proclamation Line of 1763 and the British regulars were seen by the colonists as agents of coercion. The British implemented the Stamp Act which led the colonists to question Parliament's right to tax them. All of the answers are correct. 3 The military events that started the American Revolution included all EXCEPT The First Continental Congress, called in opposition to the Intolerable Acts, urged the colonists to collect weapons & train their militia. MG Thomas Gage redeployed the British Army with a large garrison in Boston. LTC Francis Smith was sent to seize arms stored at Concord & caused battles at Lexington & Concord. The Royal Navy blockaded the ports of New York & Philadelphia. 4 The advantages& disadvantages of both sides included British advantages were the size of their population, a standing army & navy, and financing. American advantages included natural courage and having no strategic heart & capital to capture. British disadvantages included underestimating the colonists' will to fight, a 3000 mile long logistics line, a cumbersome administration, communications problems on roads, no real war leader, lack of a united population & no clear strategy. American disadvantages included a lack of training and financing. All of the answers are correct. 5 The "Dual Army" of the revolutionaries included all EXCEPT They had a small professional force called the Continental Army to complement not supplant the militias. They also had a militia that was used against enemy armies & loyalists. They created a large general staff to manage these forces. The militia was usually good for small scale warfare and to maintain internal security 6 George Washington's military beliefs included all EXCEPT Washington greatly appreciated military professionals and had an aversion to militiamen. Washington tried to remake the Continental Army in the mirror image of the British Army. Washington created a very large professional general staff for his forces. Washington was forced to rely on the militia due to lack of competent professional officers & too few Continental troops. 7 The social composition of the Continental Army was the same as the British Army with farmers, tradesmen & mechanics as well as immigrants, deserters, & vagrants from the bottom of society included men who shouldered arms freely & felt freedom was an issue Both of these answers are correct. 8 Problems of Continental Army administration included Congress micromanaged the army by determining war objectives, size & composition. Congress give inadequate financial resources to the army. Transportation was a particularly weak area. By 1780 Congress turned to the states to pay & equip troops who were "unpaid, unfed, unclothed, & unsheltered." All of the answers are correct. 9 The northern campaigns of 1775 included Ethan Allen captured Ft. Ticonderoga & Crown Point giving the revolutionaries a valuable supply of artillery. At Bunker (Breed's) Hill in Boston Harbor, MG William Howe launched three costly frontal assaults against the American position which they finally took after 1000 casualties. The captured Ft. Ticonderoga artillery moved to Dorchester Heights forced the British out of Boston. Montgomery took Montreal but failed to captured Quebec and died in the attempt. All of the answers are correct. 10 The Mid-Atlantic campaign in 1776 saw The Howe brothers sailed into New York harbor. The Americans, under Washington, were defeated at Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights & White Plains. The American troops fled through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Guy Carleton's invasion from Canada was stopped by a U.S. naval victory at Valcour Island. All of the answers are correct. 11 At the Battle of Trenton in 1776 On Christmas night, Washington led his army across the Delaware River & captured 1000 Hessians the next morning. Washington followed up with a victory at Princeton in early 1777. These two battles kept the Continental Army together. Washington determined to assume the strategic defensive & determined to win the war by NOT losing the Continental Army in a large battle. He would only fight when conditions were very advantageous. All of the answers are correct. 12 The British Campaigns of 1777 included The British Plan was for Howe to advance on Albany from NYC, Burgoyne was to advance south from Montreal, and St. Leger to move east along the Mohawk River from Canada. William Howe disregarded the plan & went by sea to Philadelphia with his army where he defeated Washington at Brandywine & Germantown. John Burgoyne was stopped & then captured with his whole army by Horatio Gates at Saratoga. Barry St. Leger was defeated by Nicholas Hereimer and his militia at Ft. Stanwix. All of the answers are correct. 13 France entered the war against Britain in 1778 The Spanish in 1779 and Holland in 1780 joined to fight the British. France diverted British resources from North America which became a secondary theater of war. The French sent to the Americans an army, a navy, money & munitions. All of the answers are correct. 14 The British southern strategy included The British wanted to coordinate operations on the mainland & the Caribbean. COL Archibald Campbell took Savannah in November 1778. Henry Clinton took Charleston SC in May 1780. Clinton is replaced by Earl Cornwallis. All of the answers are correct. 15 The American southern campaign under Horatio Gates & Nathaniel Greene included Horatio gates was appointed commander of an army of 1400 in the South but was defeated badly by Cornwallis at Camden SC in 1780. There was a guerrilla war in SC led by Thomas Sumter, Francis Marion, & Andrew Pickens that tied up British resources. Back country (Tennessee) militia defeated the Tories under Patrick Ferguson at King's Mountain. Nathaniel Greene took command of the Americans & stopped Cornwallis at Cowpens SC. Cornwallis then turned to Virginia. All of the answers are correct. 16 At the Battle of Yorktown Marquis de Lafayette was sent with his men to Virginia by Washington who followed shortly. Cornwallis fortified Yorktown for access to the sea if he felt threatened or needed reinforcements. Comte de Grasse brought the French West Indies fleet to Cape Charles & prevented the Royal Navy from rescuing Cornwallis. Washington & French GEN Rochambeau besieged & captured Cornwallis' army at Yorktown. All of the answers are correct. 17 The types of navies used by the revolutionaries in the war included all EXCEPT a private navy created by Washington at the siege of Boston composed of private ships state navies for coastal defense privateers who practiced licensed piracy to capture prizes aid from the Swiss navy to secure European trade a Continental Navy established by Congress of 50 ships but only 5 were in commission by 1780 18 The British agreed to the Treaty of Paris in 1783 because They lost armies at Saratoga & Yorktown. The war had been going badly for them in the Caribbean. The French took Minorca in the Mediterranean & the Spanish besieged Gibraltar. Yorktown broke Parliament's will to fight longer. The Americans got their independence, British territory east of the Mississippi River, the right to navigate the Mississippi River, and access to the Newfoundland fisheries. All of the answers are correct.

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