Chapter 5 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 Significant developments that impacted military policy during the 1820's & 1830's included The Industrial Revolution provided technological advances. There was a beginning of real military professionalism. The armed forces aided the nation's territorial expansion & economic development. All of the answers are correct. 2 Naval developments in postwar of 1812 America included Congress voted to expand the US Navy to 9 ships of the line (74 guns) and 12 frigates that were to be built slowly over time. Navy ships were divided into squadrons- the Med, Pacific, South Atlantic, East Indies, Home, & African. A Board of Navy Commissioners was founded & then abolished in 1842. The Board of Navy Commissioners was replaced by five Bureaus: Yards & Docks, Construction, Equipment & Repair, Medicine & Surgery, and Ordnance & Hydrography. All of the answers are correct. 3 The US defense policy in the 1820's & 1830's included The first line of defense was the US Navy. The Regular Army manned a line of seacoast fortifications. A well-organized militia was supposed to be provided. A Commanding General was created in 1821 but he had a problem with autonomous bureau chiefs. All of the answers are correct. 4 The Army used the Industrial Revolution's increased technology in all of the following ways EXCEPT: Technology provided increased firepower with percussion caps, cylindrical bullets, rifles, & breechloaders. There was enhanced mobility by using steamboats & railroads. The Deport Company invented nylon so uniforms switched from wool to nylon. Communications improved due to the use of the telegraph. 5 Naval technology changes due to the Industrial Revolution included Steamships replaced sail power. Wooden hulls were replaced (slowly) by steel hulls. Both of the answers are correct. 6 The leading military theory in the 1820's & 1830's included Prof. Dennis Hart Mahan at USMA adopted French ideas & taught them to most of the men who would become Civil War leaders. Prussia established the Kriegs Academie& following Clausewitz who stressed strategy but Americans ignored this development. The French created schools that emphasized engineering & de Jomini's "The Art of War" stressing decisive geographic points, speed, movement, & lines of supply & communication was studied by Americans West Point followed the French system & Annapolis was started in 1845. All of the answers are correct. 7 American military culture after the War of 1812 included West Point impacted the army so that 76% of all Army officers in 1860 were USMA graduates. A distinct military subculture emerged that saw officership as a lifelong commitment. The staff system was expanded & developed formal regulations that brought some stability to military administration. Volunteer militias became more important than common militias. All of the answers are correct. 8 The US Army's role in the west included: Soldiers explored the west including Lewis & Clark (1804-06), Stephen Long (1819-20), and John C. Fremont (1842) The Army built & improved transportation networks of roads, canals, railroads, and improved rivers. The Army began frontier communities. The Army served as a law-enforcement agency to regulate trade with the Indians & protect the settlers. All of the answers are correct. 9 The US Navy's role between 1838 and 1861 included The Navy undertook explorations of the Amazon, Rio de la Plata, Arctic Sea, Pacific Ocean & charted the west coast of Africa. The Navy opened trade with China (1844) & Japan (1854). The Navy protected US property & citizens in Asia, the Caribbean & the Mediterranean. All of the answers are correct. 10 The US Army-Indian relations in the 1830's included The US Army was involved in Indian removal by organizing the traveling parties, protecting settlers & forcing the Indians to move. The Army defeated the Creeks in 1836. The Army defeated the Sac & Fox tribes in Illinois in 1832 in the Black Hawk War. The Army fought the Seminoles in Florida & finally forced most of them into Indian Territory after COL Worth destroyed their crops. All of the answers are correct. 11 President Polk's foreign policy problems included Polk campaigned on a platform pledging 54 40' or fight in Oregon against the British. President Polk compromise with the British along the 49th parallel in Oregon. Polk wanted to acquire California, New Mexico & Texas. Texas was annexed in 1845 which brought with it a border dispute with Mexico. All of the answers are correct. 12 In the Southern Texas/Northern Mexico campaign in the Mexican War Zachary Taylor moved his army south of the Neuces River into disputed territory. General Arista moved north of the Rio Grande & shed "American blood on American soil." Arista's army was defeated at Palo Alto & Reseca de la Palma. Taylor then crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico. All of the answers are correct. 13 Those Americans who criticized the war with Mexico included all EXCEPT abolitionists who saw the war as a plot to expand slave territory pacifists who argued the war violated Christian principles southerners who objected to the acquisition of more southwestern land Whig politicians who thought Polk launched the invasion for imperialism Conscience Whigs who voted against military appropriations for war to expand slavery 14 President Polk's direction of the Mexican War included He exercise tight control over all its aspects. Polk disliked both Taylor & Scot,t who were Whigs with presidential ambitions. Polk mobilized the volunteer militia & called for 50,000 volunteers for 12 months. Parsimonious appropriations crippled procurement & transportation. All of the answers are correct. 15 Taylor's campaign for Monterrey included GEN Pedro Ampudia replaced Arista & had 7500 men & 42 cannons to hold Monterey. Taylor had 6200 men & lacked siege guns. Taylor used a double envelopment & fought his way into the city with many casualties. Taylor & Ampudia agreed to an 8 week truce which made Polk furious. All of the answers are correct. 16 The California & New Mexico campaign included In California, Fremont & the Bear Flag revolt took place in the north, Sloat & Stockton of the Navy took SF & Monterey, and Kearny took southern California. Stephen Kearny marched through Santa Fe & a revolt in New Mexico was crushed by Sterling Price There was a very confused command system in California. All of the answers are correct. 17 At the Battle of Buena Vista in 1847 Polk took most of Taylor's experienced troops & gave them to Scott for his invasion of Mexico. Taylor had 4500 men, 90% of whom had never been in battle. Santa Anna launched a strong assault on the US lines. The volunteers rallied under COL Jefferson Davis & the US Army artillery blew away the Mexican attackers. All of the answers are correct. 18 Winfield Scott's campaign in central Mexico included Scott used 10,000 men to besiege & capture Mexico City. Santa Anna tried to block the road at Cerro Gordo but Lee found a way around the Mexican left flank & the Mexicans retreated. Scott assaulted Mexico City from the south at Contrearas & Churubusco. Scott captured Mexico City after Molino del Rey & Chapultepac fell. All of the answers are correct. 19 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo included The US paid Mexico $15,000,000 and assumed the damage claims of US citizens against Mexico ($3,250,000) Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande River as the border. Mexico ceded California & New Mexico (the Southwest) All of the answers are correct.

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