Chapter 8 Click on the correct answers, then click on "Send".

1 After the Civil War The US Army demobilized from over 1,000,000 men in 1865 to 54,302 in 1866 and to 27,442 in 1876. The US Navy went from 700 ships to 52, many of which were obsolete sailing vessels. Geography & European balance-of-power considerations gave the US security. All of the answers are correct. 2 After the Civil War, the US military returned to its traditional missions by Continentalism dominated the thinking & we didn't need a large navy. The US Navy distant stations policy required sailing ships since the other ships couldn't carry much coal & we had few overseas bases. The US Army was on the border to get Maximillan out of Mexico & then aid territorial expansion & economic growth. All of the answers are correct. 3 The US government Indian policy included all EXCEPT The government signed treaties but mineral strikes, the Homestead Law & railroad construction started wars. The government tried to concentrate the Indians on reservations but the Indians fought to prevent this. Some Army officers admired the Indians' fighting ability. There was a divided responsibility for the Indians between the War Department & the Interior Department's Bureau of Indian Affairs. The government maintained a fair & consistent policy towards the Indians. 4 The Army-Indian Wars included They were fought in a very hostile environment including topography, drought, cold, & vast distances. The Army had a relatively small number of troops with inadequate training & weapons. Indian advantages included mobility & guerrilla warfare. Army advantages included superior discipline & organization & using winter wars against Indian food & shelter. All of the answers are correct. 5 The Custer Incident of 1876 included all EXCEPT In 1876 Crook matched north, Gibbon marched east & Terry matched west to try to surround Sitting Bull. The Indians concentrated over 2000 warriors. Crook was forced to retreat but Gibbon & Terry continued on to link up on June 26, 1876. Custer attacked against orders on June 25, 1876 & half the Seventh Cavalry was massacred. All of the answers are correct. 6 The US Army role in the South included The US Army was used to enforce Reconstruction policy from 1865-77. The South used militia & the Black Codes against the Blacks The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 legalized Army occupation & the Army was used against the KKK. The Army had too few troops, courts used constitutional safeguards against the Army, and the North got tired because the Republicans didn't need southern votes. All of the answers are correct. 7 The use of the US Army in labor disputes included all of the following EXCEPT The US Army was first used in the railroad strike of 1877. The militia was used after 1877 to assist the Army.. The US Army had a set, specific policy for its role in these strikes. The US Army was effective & broke the strikes. The US Army acted with restraint. 8 The beginnings of the New Navy included all the following EXCEPT The American emphasis shifted from continentalism to imperialism. The US needed more bases to protect trading & as naval stations. Technology improved to produce steel hulls with compartmentalization & breach loading cannon with slow burning gun powder & high velocity shells. Aircraft carriers were developed to project US airpower into regions. Congress authorized the ABCD ships in 1882-3 & 8 more protected cruisers & BBs Texas & Maine by 1889. 9 The New Navy policy included all the following EXCEPT SECNAV Benjamin Tracy wanted overseas bases. The US Navy doctrine called for a mid ocean battle to defeat an enemy fleet which needed 8 BB's in the Pacific & 12 BBs in the Atlantic. In 1890 Congress authorized 3 BBs. By 1898, the US Navy was the largest in the world. 10 Coastal defenses of the US in the late 19th century included In 1885 the Endicott Board wanted massive fortifications which would cost $127,000,000. In 1888 Congress created the Board of Ordnance. The building of new steel ships, ordnance & coastal fortifications linked the government, military, & industry. All of the answers are correct. 11 Military theory reformers in the late 19th century included GEN William Sherman founded the School for Application for Infantry which lead to the Command & General Staff College. The Military Service Institution founded in 1878 promoted writing & discussion of military tactics. Emory Uption published "Infantry Tactics" which objected to excessive civilian control & wanted a German General Staff system. Stephen Luce founded the Naval War College in 1884 & Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote "The Influence of Seapower on History." All of the answers are correct. 12 The social changes in the services in the late 19th century included There was an attempt to recruit more native Americans since foreigners made up 50% of the enlisted force. Promotion exams were required after 1890 for company grade officers & efficiency reports could select out inefficient officers. Regulars & national guardsmen moved toward closer cooperation. There were failures at trying to change the command structure of the US Army. All of the answers are correct.

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